摘要:

AbstractChemicals should have a minimum amount of available chemical fate, bioconcentration, and environmental effects data toidentifythose chemicals with potentially problematic environmental partitioning or persistence, or those with potential to bioconcentrate or cause adverse effects. Professional judgment, estimates of a chemical's mode(s) of action or mechanism of action, and its susceptibility to rapid transport or transformation should be utilized to determine the types of chemical fate, bioconcentration, and environmental effects data that should be available. Data‐supported decision criteria should be used to develop additional data tocharacterizethe persistence, bioconcentration, and adverse effects of chemicals that have been identified as potentially problematic. To facilitate an understanding of minimum chemical fate and bioconcentration data that should be available, recommended chemical fate and bioconcentration data from previously published testing schemes or approaches were evaluated. For environmental effects data, the types of organisms recommended for developing aquatic toxicity data in previously published testing schemes or approaches were evaluated. To facilitate an understanding of available testing decision criteria, those criteria that were used (as of December 31, 1988) to propose or require chemical fate, bioconcentration, on aquatic toxicity tests under section 4 of the Toxic Substances Control Act and those criteria recommended in previously reported testing schemes were evaluated. Based on this comprehensive evaluation it was possible to propose (1) a base set of chemical fate and aquatic toxicity tests, (2) organisms for conducting aquatic toxicity tests, and (3) decision logic and testing scheme for developing chemical fate and aquatic toxicity test dat

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540050202

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe toxic effect of single organic contaminants to aquatic biota is relatively easy to assess using classic aquatic toxicity bioassays. Unfortunately, contaminants are present in the aquatic environment in mixtures of unknown composition. Moreover, antagonistic and synergistic interactions make the prediction of the real environmental hazard posed by organic contaminants more complicated. A mathematical algorithm has been developed to predict the toxicity of mixtures of organic contaminants to aquatic biota using toxicity data for the individual components of the mixture. The Microtox® toxicity bioassay was used to obtain the toxicity data for a set of chlorinated phenols that were used as test compounds to validate the model. The unique characteristics of the Microtox bioassay make it a perfect tool to confirm experimentally the ability of the model to estimate the combined toxic effect of mixtures of organic contaminants

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540050203

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAs part of the process of risk evaluation for workplace health and environmental protection, a battery of biological assays and a management presentation format for the battery have been developed for use at EG&G Rocky Flats, Inc. The battery consists of four acute (two bacterial, one human cell, one nematode) and two genetic (bacterial and nematode) assays. The nematode assay also gives information on chronic toxicity and an overall fitness factor. The battery was shown to be effective in detecting toxicity of eight metals and phenol, substances that are used at this plant and that react through a variety of toxic mechanisms. The presentation format allows management to very quickly determine where the most serious toxicity problems are located and effectively monitor progress in the cleanup of these situations. In addition, the format can be used to monitor effects of procedural changes in development and production.

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540050204

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractStudies with natural phytoplankton from Lake Ontario as well as with pure cultures of two green and one diatom freshwater algal species revealed that the International Joint Commission water quality objective of 30 μg Zn/L was toxic to primary productivity and cell multiplication. The toxicity of Zn varied with its anionic forms, with nitrate being the most toxic, followed by chloride, sulphate, and acetate. Experiments with radioactive65Zn indicated that Zn was rapidly taken up by the algae, and incorporated mainly into polysaccharide and nucleic acid fractions. These results indicate that an objective for Zn of 30 μg/L is too high to protect algae in the Great Lakes. Based on our results and other published data, a new objective of 10 μg Zn/L has been recommended to the International Joint Commissi

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540050205

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractToxicity and biodegradability are major factors affecting the fate and behavior of an organic contaminant in the environment. In this report, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT), an important industrial chemical, was used as a model toxicant to demonstrate that toxicity and biodegradability are intimately related in determining a chemical's effect and impact on the total ecosystem. DNT was found to be aerobically stable, but could undergo anaerobic biotransformation with the formation of three metabolites. One of the metabolites, namely 2‐nitroso‐4‐nitrotoluene, was extremely toxic to the six test bacterial isolates, while the other two aminonitro metabolites and the parent compound DNT were much less toxic or nontoxic to the bacterial cultures. It is suggested that the incorporation of some known metabolites into short‐term bioassay procedures could increase the reliability of these tests in the impact assessment of toxic chemicals on the environment. In addition, the difference between toxicity data generated from short‐term bioassay procedures and those from long‐term toxicological studies was also delineated from a biochemi

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540050206

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540050207

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0884-8181    

DOI:10.1002/tox.2540050201

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY