ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00613.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTGenetic counselling for chromosome abnormalities must take into account the fact that such anomalies may develop as an error in oogenesis or spermatogenesis or may be transmitted from parents. Since many chromosomally abnormal embryos are spontaneously aborted, parents with repeated unfavorable outcomes of pregnancy or difficulty in conceiving should be studied by karyotype. The relationship between chromosomal abnormalities and various environmental or biologic factors are discussed. The outcome of a previous pregnancy may indicate the necessity of subsequent fetal evaluation even with chromosomally normal parents.

ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00614.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIt is possible to define a group of prospective parents who are at risk of producing offspring with disability due to chromosomal abnormalities. Such individuals should have evaluation of the 15 or 16 week fetus by karyotype of amniotic fluid cells. The techniques and problems of such diagnostic procedures are discussed.

ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00615.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTMore than 50 inborn errors of metabolism can be diagnosed in the fetus. This is accomplished by evaluation of constituents of the cell free amniotic fluid or of cultured or uncultured amniotic fluid cells. Only those syndromes with specific abnormal contributions to amniotic fluid can be so diagnosed. Currently diagnosable diseases and their assay methods are reviewed. Such assay methods must be able to differentiate the unaffected heterozygote from the affected homozygote.

ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00616.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTMaternal or blood levels of alpha fetal protein are elevated in the presence of certain fetal anomalies, particularly those of the neural tube in which protein from the cerebrospinal fluid may leak into the amniotic fluid. Since this is a nonspecific elevation, other diseases are potentially screened for by this determination. Alpha fetal protein levels should be measured on any amniotic fluid samples obtained during the middle trimester of pregnancy.

ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00617.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFetal abnormalities involving the skeletal system, central nervous system or soft tissue may be diagnosed by radiologic methods, as may fetal death. Occasionally standard X‐ray is used, but often invasive techniques are required, and should be limited to those patients with valid indications. X‐rays of specific fetal anomalies are presented.

ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00618.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFetal evaluation may be accomplished in the future using techniques experimental at this time. These include direct visualization of the fetus by endoscopy, biopsy of fetal tissues, and indirect techniques accomplished in the laboratory. It is hoped that in the future technology may provide us with means to diagnose the abnormal fetus more accurately and rapidly than currently. Possible methods are discussed.

ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00619.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEight pregnant women and three pregnant sheep received 400 mg of para‐amino‐hippurate (PAH) intraamniotically. Serial samples of amniotic fluid and maternal blood were obtained. In sheep samples of fetal blood were also withdrawn. PAH appeared in maternal plasma in all the cases. In all pregnant women PAH disappeared slowly from amniotic fluid (50% in 4 hours). In one ewe the study was performed as in humans and showed the same pattern of disappearance. In the other two, fetal urine was drained outside the amniotic fluid and PAH disappeared from it at a much faster rate (90% in 4 hours). PAH concentration in fetal urine was 100 times higher than in fetal plasma. Our findings in pregnant women seem to suggest that PAH disappears from the amniotic sac by a diffusion mechanism. On the other hand the results found in sheep also suggest that the fetus may have an active role in PAH concentration in amniotic fluid, eliminating part of the substance into maternal blood across the placenta but returning a major portion to the amniotic fluid with fetal urine.

ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00620.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTOn a number of occasions fetal heart arrythmias have been detected during the course of routine antepartum patient examination. A case is presented to illustrate the difficulty of making a definitive diagnosis of the nature of the arrythmia, and its significance in relation to fetal status. Investigation included stressed and nonstressed FHR monitoring, but a definitive diagnosis could not be made during the antepartum period and the patient could, therefore, not be assured of the essentially benign nature of the arrythmia until shortly after the birth of her child. The electrocardiogram obtained from external fetal electrocardiographic monitoring is not sufficiently refined to aid in the antepartum diagnosis of fetal cardiac arrythmias.

ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00621.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe relationship between three amniotic‐ fluid parameters (fat staining cells, anucleate cells and creatinine) and gestational age has been studied in 166 samples from 107 patients of known gestational age. Individually there is an unacceptable degree of inaccuracy. However, when the three parameters are combined in a multilinear regression, an equation for gestational age is produced that is reliable to within ±M14 days in over 90% of cases. This held true when the equation was applied to 60 samples from 45 patients with uncertain dates and related to the paediatric estimate of gestational age. The accuracy was unaltered by intrauterine growth retardation.

ISSN:0020-6695    

DOI:10.1002/j.1879-3479.1976.tb00622.x

出版商:Wiley    

年代:2016

数据来源: WILEY