摘要:

A new species of leaf warbler (Sylviidae:Phylloscopus)is described from the mountains of central China. Morphologically it is slightly, yet significantly, different from the partly sympatricP. (proregulus) chloronotus.However, both song and calls are very different, and playback tests elicited no response from either species to the other's song. There are also differences in habitat preference and breeding biology of the two species.

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08011.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The post‐fledging survival of a total of 1277 young GuillemotsUria aalgeringed in 6 years was assessed using sightings of 267 individuals back at the natal colony and recoveries of 46 ringed birds. In two years there was a significant decline in survival prospects with estimated hatching date, the first time such a trend has been demonstrated in the Alcidae. In these years pairs breeding early had a 2–3 times greater chance of having a young survive to return to the colony than pairs breeding three weeks later. Hatching date had no effect on survival prospects in the other four seasons and in none of the years did chick body condition have a demonstrable effect on post‐fledging sur

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08012.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An analysis of the orientation of 182 nest sites of the Black Kite Milvusmigransin two areas in south and central Spain found that orientations toward the east were preferred. In southern Spain an analysis of the relationship between nest orientation and hatching success showed that success was lower among the nests located in non‐preferred orientations, with some inter‐annual variation. The tendency to orientate nests toward the east was greater among the early nesting pairs and the effect that the orientation had on the hatching success was also greater than in late nesting pairs. The data suggest that rainfall and prevailing winds were the main factors conditioning nest orientat

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08013.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The masses of 3229 Purple SandpipersCalidris maritimafrom Britain were analysed for differences related to age, season and size. First‐year birds were lighter by 2 g. There was only a slight increase in mass in mid‐winter, in contrast to other waders wintering in Britain, suggesting that Purple Sandpipers are less at risk to cold weather and food shortages. Their winter fat reserves were low but their breast muscles were relatively larger than other small waders wintering in Britain. Their plumage was slightly heavier and their breast and belly feathers were longer. There was a large increase in mass in May by first‐year and adult birds prior to migration. The ‘long‐billed’ population showed a greater relative increase in May, compared with the ‘short‐billed’ population, perhaps reflecting different mi

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08014.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Territory establishment and habitat use by breeding CurlewsNumenius arquatawere studied during 1987 and 1988 on mosaic farmland (dominated by dry tillage) at two sites in central Sweden. Curlews preferred to breed in areas with a high proportion of grassland, close to rivers, while dry tillage was avoided. Territories at my study site were larger (mean = 4 5.2 ha) than in areas consisting entirely of grassland. Territory size seemed to depend on the spatial distribution of grasslands, which suggests that habitat fragmentation forces Curlews to establish larger territories in modern farmland than in areas of grassland. The number of territories in patches of grassland was correlated with patch area, and unoccupied patches were more isolated than occupied patches. However, patch area was a more important factor than isolation, since large patches (>3 5 ha) were always occupied. Sown grassland was used significantly more than expected for foraging early in the season, possibly indicating the strong influence of the nutritional requirements in the pre‐breeding period on territory establishment. Habitat selection when foraging seemed to be less important late in the season, since there was no significant habitat preference then. During this period distance to the nest site seemed to be more important than habitat, sinced the preferred foraging fields (including fields of all habitats used more than expected by area) were situated closer to nests than the less preferred fields, probably an adaptation to the high nest predation risk. The same fields were mostly preferred in the pre‐breeding period also, suggesting that nests were built close to good foraging areas.My results indicate that the decline of the Swedish Curlew population since 1950 is caused by changes in land use, resulting in decreased grassland area and increased habitat fragmentation, which probably have affected both breeding and foraging possibilities negativ

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08015.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Breeding biology of radio‐tagged KakapoStrigops habroptiluson Stewart Island was investigated from 1977 to 1988. Some males moved several kilometres from their ranges occupied in the non‐booming season (May‐November) to track‐and‐bowl systems. Occupancy of track‐and‐bowl systems varied markedly from one booming season (December‐March) to another, from no visits in some booming seasons to breeding years when most males occupied their systems nightly. Descriptions and rates of calling for three types of calls by males are given. Breeding probably occurred in 1978, and nests were found in 1981 and 1985, but radio‐tagged females did not nest in 1982‐84 and 1986‐88. Females visit males at track‐and‐bowl systems for mating in mid‐summer (January‐February), and then returned to their home ranges to nest. Nests were under thick vegetation, in short holes in banks or rotten trees at ground level. Clutches consisted of 2–4 eggs, and incubation lasted about 25 days. One female left her eggs and young nestling unattended at least once a night for 1–4 hours. Thus, Kakapo eggs and young chicks were very vulnerable to predation by introduced predators. There was no evidence that any male assisted a female during incubation or nestling‐rearing phases. The chicks were brooded by day until about 30 days old, after which the female roosted nearby. The chicks left the nest at about 10 weeks old, but remained nearby for a further month. Phenological observations of Kakapo food plants suggest that to stimulate and sustain breeding, Kakapo on Stewart Island are dependent upon abundant fruit from a few irr

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08016.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Australian avifauna is composed largely of two groups–the ‘old endemics’, species that originated in Gondwana and radiated in Australia and New Guinea, and the ‘new invaders’, species that originated in Asia and invaded Australia during the Pleistocene. In addition, several species were introduced by Europeans during the last 200 years. The old endemics have clutch‐sizes significantly smaller than those of the new invaders (Yom‐Tov 1987). The aim of this paper was to study the survival rates of Australian passerines from the three groups.The survival rates of 3 5 species of Australian passerines were calculated by using recapture data provided by the Australian Bird Banding Scheme for birds older than one year. Survival depends primarily on body‐mass, with no difference between the old endemics and the new invaders. It is suggested that the survival rates of birds younger than one year is different between the two main groups.Overall, the survival rates of Australian passerines is at least 1.2 greater than that of equal‐sized British passerines. The survival rates of the introduced House SparrowPasser domesticusand BlackbirdTurdus merulawere similar on the two continents, suggesting either that insufficient time had elapsed since their introduction to Australia for them to adapt to local conditions, or that the habitats occupied in Australia were so modified by human activities that selection did not favour long lives. The survival rate of the introduced StarlingSturnus vulgariswas lower in Australia, probably because it lives in natur

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AndrewR.J. (ed.) 1991. Neural and Behavioral Plasticity: the use of the domestic chick as a modelBeissinger, S.R.&Snyder, N.F.R. (eds) 1992. New World Parrots in Crisis: Solutions from Conservation BiologyBerthold, P. (ed.) 1991. Orientation in BirdsBurger, J.&Gochfeld. M. 1991. The Common Tern: its breeding biology and social behaviour. Pp. xvii + 413,121 figs incl. numerous black‐and‐white photographs, 59 text tables, 4 appendix tables. New York: Columbia University PressDavis. L.S.&Darby, J.T. (eds) 1990. Penguin BiologyDickinson, E.C., Kennedy, R.S.&Parkes, K.C. 1991. The Birds of the Philippines: an annotated check‐listDwenger.R. 1991. DasRebhuhn Perrfixperdix. 2nd editionFinlayson, C. 1992. Birds of the Strait of GibraltarGosler, A. (ed.) 1991. The Hamlyn Photographic Guide to Birds of the WorldGretton, A. 1991. The Ecology and Conservation of the Slender‐billed CurlewSmith, S.M. I 991. The Black‐capped Chickadee: behavioural ecology and natural history. Pp. xi, 362. many figures and tables. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. $51.15 (hbk). ISBN 0–8014‐2 382‐1. $29.75 (pbk) ISBN 0–8014‐9793‐0.Stap. D. 1991. A Parrot Without a Name: The search for the last unknown birds on earth.Trodd, P.,&KramerD. 1991. The Birds of BedfordshireVaughan. R. 1992. In Search of Arctic Birds. Pp. xIII, 431, many monochrome photograph

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb08021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY