摘要:

SUMMARYChristmas Island, Pacific Ocean, is described, with notes on the soil, climate and vegetation. Notes are given of 27 species of birds seen on the island during the period from June 1958 to June 1959. The total includes 17 sea‐birds, 2 resident land‐birds and 8 migrants. Breeding seasons vary greatly between species–all the year round, with or without peaks, and/or with variation between colonies; one restricted breeding season, or two restricted breeding se

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07125.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07126.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY(1) A hole‐inspection display by male and female precedes nest selection. It serves to maintain the pair bond rather than show the hole to the female.(2) Courtship includes moth flights and the dance. The dance has been modified from the head‐forward threat and combines attack, escape, and sex tendencies.(3) The female dominates the male when the nest site is selected. This dominance counterbalances the male's more advanced sex tendency and permits mutual acceptance by the pair.(4) Mutual wing shivering and fluffing of body feathers precedes copulation. Courtship feeding occurs from nest‐building through nestling stages.(5) Great Tits dominate Blue Tits during selection of nest sites and may eject them from boxes already occupied.(6) The bright plumage of the Blue Tit presumably evolved as enhancement of the head‐forward threat display and is only of secondary epigami

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07127.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY1. Extensions are given of the recorded range (Meinertzhagen 1954) or periods of occurrence of certain species.2. Spring passage of waders at Aden was light except for Grey PloverCharadrius squatarola.There was a very noticeable passage of shrikes there 30 April‐12 May.3. Individuals of many species of northern‐breeding waders were recorded in summer.4. A light but steady S.W. movement of birds was noticeable at Aden from the beginning of July onwards. Waders began to increase in numbers by the middle of the month, and by the first week in August quite large flocks were pres

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07128.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThis paper revises the genusDurulaand discusses the affinities of some related genera. The genusDuculais very close toPtilinopus, D. poliocephalaand its allies forming a connecting link between the two genera. The pied imperial pigeons are the most discrete group withinDucula. Ducula paulinaandD. oenolhoraxare treated as races ofD. aena.There are indications thatLopho‐laimusandHcmiphagamay be more closely related to each other than toDucula.They are retained as monotypic genera.DrepanoptilaandAlectroenasare offshots fromPtilinopu

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07129.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe vegetation and climate of Eritrea arc described, and passage migrants and winter visitors are listed according to status and altitudinal range.

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07130.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY1. 118 daylight observations were made on the degree of cover of eggs with sand in 41 nests of the White‐fronted SandplovcrC. marginatuson the coastal areas south of Cape Town. In 44% of cases, eggs were covered to a depth of more than half their surface, and in only 23% of cases were the eggs uncovered. Cloud, wind strength and direction, and temperature of sand and air at the nests, had no significant association with extent of cover, except for one minor local variation.2. Eggs were better covered after 07.00 and before 15.00 hours suntime; and at individual nests eggs were more covered on second inspections in a day than on first.3. On 16 out of 118 occasions when birds were about to leave their eggs on the approach of a human intruder they made a special leaving‐scuffle with their legs rapidly sweeping sand inwards towards the eggs. The movements and posture appeared essentially the same as those ofpecuariusin such a situation. The leaving‐scuffle appears to be distinct from the infrequent settle‐scuffling ofmarginatus, and there is evidence thatmarginatuswill incubate partly covered eggs.4. The leaving‐scuffle has so far been seen only in situations where a conflict of antagonistic drives of incubation and escape may be inferred. Variations in egg‐cover bymarginatusare mainly determined by the bird's behaviour and not by accidents of the weather, as previously supposed. But the process whereby the fully protective covering bypecuariusmay have evolved may only be revealed by further comparative studies on other C

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07131.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY1. In the 4 years 1454–1957 the breeding population of Shags on Lundy appeared to he static. Most of the nest‐sites were used each year. Mortality was deduced from the re‐use of old nest‐sites and the return of colour‐marked birds.2. Most of the clutches were started during a period of 3 to 4 weeks in each year but dates varied by as much as 1 6 days in different years.3. Different types of ncst‐site and nest‐material are used on different parts of the island. Larger nests were more successful than smaller ones.4. The mean‐clutch size for the five years 1954–1958 was 307, varying annually by us much as 0–4 egg. Clutch‐size decreases with the advance of the season.5. Incubation starts with the second egg in c/3 but a day or more later in c/4.6. Hatching success 1954–1957 varied only between 69 and 73%. Infertility was the mam cause of hatching failure.7. Eggs were weighed and measured in 1957 and 1958. In each year the larger clutches contained larger eggs than the smaller clutches. The mean weight of eggs was greater in 1957 (when clutches were bigger) than in 1958. This was due to a higher specific gravity.8. Fledging success was 90–95%, except in 1956 when it was 67%. The heavier losses in this year appeared to be due to food shortage. Most chick losses occur in the first ten days.9. The growth of chicks was studied in 1957. Male chicks can frequently be differentiated when 30 days old by their heavier weights. The fourth chick in a brood is normally below average weight during the first half of the fledging period.10. Some marked juveniles remain on the island up to 50 days after leaving the nest. During this time they show partial dependence on their parents.11. Later clutches are less successful than early clutches. Nests situated on narrow cliff ledges were less successful

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07132.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07133.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYThe breeding of about 40 species of birds in the Ancon district of the Guayas Province of S.W. Ecuador is described. The information is based on the records of about 2000 nests observed during 1955–1958. About half the species are birds which range over much of Central and South America and whose breeding has been previously described, though usually casually. For these my own remarks are confined to new information, doubtful points and confirmatory details. The rest are species more or less confined to the west coast of South America between Ecuador and Chile, and for which there is either little or no breeding information in the literature. These are treated under headings of nest site, nest, eggs, clutch‐size, laying, incubation, nestling period, breeding success and season, with general remarks where appropriate. For most species, closely determined incubation and nestling periods arc given, and for some, quantitative data on clutch‐size and breeding success are available. In some species differences have been found for annual mean clutch‐size, mean clutch‐size laid before and after rain, annual breeding success and fledging success, doubtless due to pronounced climatic variation from year to year which either has a direct effect or influences predation.These matters are discussed generally in the introduction, with particular mention of 10‐day incubation periods, the rapid nesting cycle of several finches, precociousness of their young, and comparison of breeding success with that of European species, as well as the peculiar ecological variations of the district and changes in predators.In the sequel the statistical aspect of my data is analysed by Dr. Monte Lloyd and I have followed this with somea poster

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb07134.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1960

数据来源: WILEY