ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00684.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.1The adáaptation of migration patterns to the climate of Fenno‐Scandia is outlined. It is suggested that food supply is the ultimate factor for all the manifold types of migration.2Falling temperature is the proximate factor, releasing emigration in autumn or summer, and it causesRückzug(reversed migration) in spring. A rise in temperature releases the spring movement or stimulates further fight, if the birds have reached temperate regions.3The annual and diurnal migration rhythms of some migrants are described. Most early migrants have a two‐peak rhythm, which gradually changes to a single diurnal one in autumn. The second day‐time peak in summer is probably transformed to a nocturnal one in autumn in some species.4Topography has a strong modifying iduence on the routes of diurnal migrants but much less—or none at all—on the fight of nocturnal travellers.5Wind is the disastrous factor in migration. Its detrimental effect is minimized by the tendency to follow topographical lines and head the wind, at least when i

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00685.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00686.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARYObservations on the spring migration of geese, Lapwings, Swifts, Skylarks, hirundines, White Wagtails, Starlings and Chaffinches were made in 1942 from EL prisoner‐of‐war camp in Westphalia. Most of the passage was between east and north‐east, but bad weather on 9 March caused a temporary reverse movement of Skylarks to the south‐west. Nearly 7000 Skylarks passed to the east and north‐east on the peak day,

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00687.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.This paper aims to bring together the chief observations that have been recorded so far on visible migration in the British Isles.The autumn movements that have been seen on the various coasts, and inland, are briefly described, and the few spring observations are summarized.Maps show the directions which migrating Corvidae, Starlings, Chaffinches and Skylarks have been seen to take in autumn, and there is some discussion of the autumn movements of these four species. The observed movements of some of the other chief passerines, and of the Wood‐pigeon, Stock‐dove and Lapwing, are more briefly mentioned.Some of the differences in the migratory behaviour of different species are mentioned, and some of the most obvious gaps in knowledge of visible migration in the British Isles are pointed

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00688.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.1Our present findings are preliminary.2On the southwest corner of France round St. Jean de Luz four migratory streams were found: (i) Blue Tits and Tree Sparrows travelling west, (ii) Chaffinches travelling S.W. by W., (iii) cardueline finches, some Chaffinches, Motacillidae, Wood Pigeons and Cranes travelling S.S.W., and (iv) Skylarks and Motacillidae, also grey geese, arriving from the Bay of Biscay and continuing inland south.3The birds in the above groups (iii) and (iv) were seen crossing the low mountaiiis of the Basses Pyrenees in large numbers. With a cross wind the small passerincs selected the windward slopes, presumably because of the updraught.4Kaptors, pigeons, hirundines, finches and Motacillidae were seen migrating through the high mountains of the central Pyrenees. In certain conditions all these groups (as well as three orders of insects) could be found migrating through the Port de Gavarnie at 7500 feet.5In the high mountains, hirundines (nearly all of which were Swallows) flea high on a broad front with a following wind, when they ignored the contours, somewhat lower with a cross wind, when they selected the windward slopes, and very low with a head wind, or in rain, or in the early morning and late evening, when they followed the valleys.6Finches and Motacillidae likewise migrated well above the floor of the vallejs except in bad weather or in the early morning. Most passed through the Port de Gavarnie in the middle hours of the day, not (as on the coast) in the early morning.7Other published records also indicate that small passerine birds regularly cross the European mountain ranges on their migration.

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00689.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00690.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.1Migration was proceeding throughout Cyrenaica from 21 biarch to 16 May, though some wintering species had already gone.2A inass of migration seems to mobe from south to north through the whole area, and a remarkable medley of species migrates or halts simultaneously.3These birds must get little or no water, arid after the desert‐crossing drop in wherever there is shade or vegetation.4The Subalpine Warbler appears to pass through on a front of at least 500–600 miles and Hoopoes and Orioles on a wide front.5There was little evidence of coasting movements except by Swallows, and the bulk of coasting seen on the north seaboard was to the west or northwest.6Daylight movement from south to north was slight, seen only in Lesser Kestrels, Curlews, Coursers, Bee‐eaters, Short‐toed Larks, Corn Buntings, Linnets and Turtle Doves, with individuals of other species.7“Invisible migration”, as evidenced by arrivals, was very heavy.8Warblers were scarce, except Nightingales, Wood and Icterine Warblers and Common Whitethroats. Willow‐warblers were very scarce.9Notes are given of the migration of Quail, Cuckoos, Flycatchers and Red‐footed Falcons.10A considerable array of waders and water‐birds passes north from the desert and stays till mid‐May on marshes near the sea or pools in the Gebel el Achdar.11A few instances are given of birds singing, or being in

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00691.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.1The enormous proportion of migrants that must pass undetected is stressed both on statistical grounds and on certain features of the records.2There is no evidence for any important concentration of migrants on the short crossings, by the Straits of Gibraltar, Sicily or the Bosphorus, except for soaring birds at the first and last of these.3These birds migrate at the Bosphorus using thermals, but only up to about 14.00 (not, as at Suez, also during the afternoon); while at the Straits of Gibraltar they migrate against winds, often strong.4Numerous species cross regularly the widest part of the Mediterranean, between 16′ and 20′ E., over the Ionian Sea, where the north‐south distances are 430–800 miles. There is less evidence for crossing of the other widest stretch, France‐Algeria, 430 miles.5The fact that the longest crossings are freely used and that most species do not concentrate on the shortest crossings indicates general broad‐front movement irrespective of obstacles.6Occurrences of groups and species are summarized and some comparisons are made. Points of interest include:—(a) Harriers are more often seen at sea than other big raptors.(b) The western cranes appear to concentrate on short crossings much more than the eastern do.(c) The movements of Quail and Turtle Doves are of special interest.(d) More Swallows are seen, both at sea and coasting, than any other birds, and many times more than House‐martins.(e) Common Redstarts and Robins have been recorded at sea surprisingly often, especially by comparison with the Sylviidae.(f) Anatidae and Limicolae are almost unknown at sea.7The leading published references to migration in the countries in the Mediterranean area ar

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00692.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0019-1019    

DOI:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1953.tb00693.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1953

数据来源: WILEY