摘要:

AbstractThe metrial gland develops in the uterus of many rodent species during normal pregnancy. It is a maternally‐derived tissue that contains stromal and vascular elements plus a population of large cells, striking in their light microscopic appearance due to the presence of numerous cytoplasmic granules. These cells, which have become known in mice and rats as granulated metrial gland (GMG) cells, are derived from bone marrow precursors and recent work suggests they are a subset of lymphocytes belonging to the natural killer (NK) cell lineage. The functions of GMG cells during normal gestation have not been clearly defined. In vitro, GMG cells have been shown to produce cytokines and their cytokine profile is altered upon addition of medium containing the T cell growth factor interleukin‐2 (IL‐2). GMG cell granules contain the cytolytic protein perforin but GMG cells have a very limited capacity to kill in vitro unless they have been stimulated by IL‐2 or interferon‐gamma. Histological study of GMG cells has suggested they preferentially associate with fetal trophoblast. Since trophoblast appears resistant to immune lysis, except by IL‐2‐activated effector lymphocytes, and because resorbing murine embryos become infiltrated by lytic cells of the NK cell lineage, it is important to establish whether GMG cells are activated by pregnancy‐associated events to play a major lytic role in vivo. © 1993

ISSN:1059-910X    

DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070250302

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA variety of cell types at the blastocyst implantation site produce cytokines and growth factors that could play an important role in the implantation process. Furthermore, receptors for cytokines and growth factors have been detected on embryonic and trophoblastic cells. The purpose of the article is to review the published literature on the effect of cytokines and growth factors on implantation events, and to present recent data from our laboratory on effects of growth factors and cytokines on mouse blastocyst implantation events in vitro. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1059-910X    

DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070250303

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe factors responsible for the initial interaction between maternal and fetal epithelium leading to the establishment of pregnancy remain poorly understood. Temporal and spatial expression of specific endometrial peptides in response to ovarian steroids is thought to contribute to the development of a period of uterine receptivity, whereby the endometrium becomes hospitable to the implanting blastocyst. The failure to establish receptivity may account for a significant percentage of the cases of infertility in the female, especially affecting women with luteal phase deficiency, leiomyomata uteri, endometriosis, habitual abortion, and unexplained infertility. In addition, despite increasing global experience with advanced reproductive technologies, the majority of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) attempts remain unsuccessful, most likely on the basis of implantation failure. In this article, we review the concepts involved in the study of uterine receptivity in the human, highlight potential immunohistochemical (IHC) markers that have recently been discovered, and discuss how IHC assessment of the endometrium is a potentially valuable method for the evaluation of the receptive endometrial state. Using this approach we have examined several new potential markers of uterine receptivity. Endometrial progesterone receptors and one of the integrin cell adhesion molecules appear to undergo changes in expression around the time of implantation, and may be sensitive indicators of the receptive state. Further, these markers are delayed in women with infertility and luteal phase deficiency. These studies illustrate the utility of IHC diagnosis for the evaluation of endometrial function. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, I

ISSN:1059-910X    

DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070250304

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDuring blastocyst implantation and placentation in common laboratory rodents, trophoblast cells come into increasingly more intimate associations with the endometrium and, eventually, are in contact with maternal blood. Uterine cell death is one mechanism for removing uterine tissues, primarily epithelial cells, and decidual cells that intervene between trophoblast cells and maternal blood. Mechanisms of cell death and the signals that initiate and regulate it are not well understood. According to current theories, cell death is either gene‐directed or the result of traumatic injury, and classification of cell death is based on ultrastructural and biochemical criteria that hypothetically reflect underlying molecular mechanisms. Although the term apoptosis is extensively used to describe all aspects of gene‐directed cell death and the term necrosis to describe traumatic death, ultrastructural studies indicate that there are morphological variations of the established criteria, and these could reflect variations of underlying mechanisms. Recent light and electron microscopic work has shown that timing and ultrastructure of uterine cell death at the gestation site varies with region suggesting that initiation and control of cell death is complicated and that more than one mechanism of cell death may be operative. Current information indicates that uterine cell death is most likely part of an intrinsic response of the endometrium to the conceptus, and other than acting as a stimulus to elicit the uterine response, the conceptus probably plays only a minor role in regulating the death of endometrial cells in these species. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1059-910X    

DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070250305

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAdenocarcinoma of the endometrium is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States, accounting for some 36,000 cases of invasive cancer each year. Hyperplastic lesions of the endometrium follow a continuum, with the risk of progression to carcinoma being related to the severity of the disorder. Risk factors associated with the development of adenocarcinoma include hyperplasia, obesity, menstrual abnormalities, diabetes, hypertension, prior pelvic irradiation, sequential oral contraceptive use, diet, and exogenous estrogen use. There is also some evidence of genetic predisposition, and some data indicating the possibility of specific genetic abnormalities and activation of oncogenes as factors determining the etiology of the disease. At this time there is no accepted screening test for endometrial carcinoma, though the role of immunochemistry techniques for screening and follow‐up has just begun to be realized. Dilatation and curettage along with hysteroscopy remain the major means of diagnosis. A variety of prognostic variables including tumor cell type, histologic grade, depth of myometrial invasion, status of peritoneal cytology, presence of disease in preformed vascular spaces, presence of adnexal metastases, and presence of cervical involvement have been defined. Although the treatment plan for each patient must be individualized, the mainstay of treatment remains total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy. Metastatic and recurrent disease is usually treated with hormonal therapy and systemic chemotherapy. Radiation therapy like surgery in recurrent disease is only applicable for the treatment of local recurrences. © 1993 Wiley‐Lis

ISSN:1059-910X    

DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070250306

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThin film specimen preparation from bulk material at a controlled depth below the surface and cross‐section thin film preparation for transmission electron microscope investigations of electrically conducting materials are described. Both techniques are illustrated by austenitic stainless steel, where they have been used complementary to each other for microstructural studies of subsurface ion irradiation damage. The advantages and limitations of both techniques are discussed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,

ISSN:1059-910X    

DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070250307

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1059-910X    

DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070250308

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1059-910X    

DOI:10.1002/jemt.1070250301

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY