摘要:

AbstractAn extensive review of the literature was performed in order to identify those psychometric variables and conditions which have proved to be sensitive to the CNS effects of antihistamines. It is hoped that the result of this review will allow the formulation of a series of guidelines which would be useful both to researchers, when deciding on the methodology of future trials, and to readers when assessing the validity of a particular volunteer study with a antihistamine.

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090301

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe two neurotransmitters noradrenaline (NA) and acetylcholine (ACh), both important modulators of GH secretion, have been hypothesised to be reciprocally dysfunctional in depressive illness. This study tested the Adrenergic/Cholinergic Imbalance Hypothesis by comparing GH responses to (a) the cholinesterase inhibitor pyridostigmine and (b) the indirect noradrenergic agonist desipramine in a depressed group (n= 9) and a matched control group. The depressed patients fulfilled criteria for DSM‐111‐R diagnosis of Major Depression: Melancholic Subtype. Three GH challenge tests were administered in each subject: desipramine, pyridostigmine and GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH). The latter was performed to determine pituitary reserve. Each subject also had a dexamethasone suppression test. GH responses (as measured by peak minus baseline values) to GHRH were significantly blunted in the depressed (26·1 ± 4·9 mU/L) compared to the control group (48·4 ± 4·9 m U/L:t= 2·2, df = 16,p<0·05); and were positively correlated to desipramine/GH responses in both the depressed and control groups (p<0·001). Peak GH responses to pyridostigmine were relatively increased in the depressed sample (12·2 ± 1·8 m U/L Vs 6·9 ± 1·5 m U/L;t2·5, df = 16,p<0·05). Within the depressed group, dexamethasone non‐suppressors had blunted GH responses to desipramine compared to those who cortisol suppressed (p<0·05). These findings (a) lend some support to the ‘Cholinergic/Adrenergic Imbalance Hypothesis’, (b) suggest that desipramine may bring about the release of GH via the GHRH pathway and (c) blunting of the desipramine/GH response is assoc

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090302

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractTwenty female regular smokers participated in four experimental sessions, each of which involved performing a rapid information processing task (RIP) twice. According to a 2 × 2 cross‐over design the subjects were allowed to either real or sham smoke a single habitual cigarettebetweenthe two RIP trials and to real or sham smoke ad libitumduringthe second RIP trial. RIP performance was significantly better when the smokers were allowed to smoke during the task. On the other hand, the improvement after pretask smoking failed to reach significance. The puffing intervals were similar for real and sham smoking during rest but significantly longer with real than with sham smoking during the task. The increases in electrocortical and cardiovascular arousal as well as the subjective effects were similar for pretask and task smoking. After pretask smoking these effects vanished for the subsequent task period, whereas they were maintained but not further increased when pretask smoking was followed by task smoking. It was concluded that mental performance was increased but overarousal was avoided by accurate nicotine titration during the RIP ta

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090303

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractWe have studied the effects of two anxiolytic drugs frequently prescribed in alcohol withdrawal, diazepam and tetrabamate, on sleep polygraphy of alcohol‐dependent patients hospitalized for alcohol detoxification. Twenty‐three inpatients (16 M and 7F) fulfilling the DSM 3R alcohol‐dependence criteria were included. Twelve patients were treated with tetrabamate and the other 11 with diazepam. Sleep polygraphy was carried out on average 15 days after alcohol withdrawal. The sleep of tetrabamate‐treated patients differs from that of diazepam‐treated patients in having a much longer duration of stage 4, at the expense mainly of stage 2. The two groups of patients had a greater total sleep time and duration of delta sleep than comparable untreated patients. These results suggest that the delta sleep deficit of abstinent alcoholics is paradoxically corrected by anxiolytic treatment. Tetrabamate seems to induce the production of delta waves during the sleep of abstinent a

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090304

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study describes the procedures used to establish videotaped inter‐rater reliability in a multicenter study investigating the clinical efficacy of divalproex sodium for the treatment of acute mania. A total of 46 raters from 10 centers viewed and rated five videotaped diagnostic patients interviews using a modified SADS and SADS‐C. Raters also viewed a follow‐up videotaped interview at the midpoint of the study. Raters rated the quality of each interview for its teaching potential. Agreement among raters within study sites was estimated by the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results demonstrated significant agreement among raters within study centers at baseline and follow‐up for both the SADS and

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090305

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe efficacy of intravenous midazolam and nitrous oxide inhalation at reducing self‐rated mood and bodily symptoms was compared in patients referred to a dental sedation unit because their dental fears precluded treatment undrugged. Fifty‐eight per cent of our patients could be randomly allocated to drug treatment, the others were assigned on clinical grounds. When they arrived for their first treatment, the clinically allocated patients (n= 40) were significantly more anxious, tense and restless than those randomly allocated (n= 61). Both drugs reduced ratings of anxious, tense, discontented and restlessness, but the improvements were greater with nitrous oxide. Nitrous oxide reduced ratings of irritable and depressed, but patients treated with midazolam only showed reductions when dental treatment was finished. The scores for 70 patients were analysed over two treatment days; their pre‐sedation scores of tense, depressed and discontented were lower on day 2 than on day 1, with the randomly allocated group showing greater reduction. Nitrous oxide remained superior on day 2. Thirty‐eight patients completed 3 days of treatment; there were no further reductions in baseline ratings and the superiority of nitrous oxide was mai

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090306

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDespite the recent surge in interest in quality of life (QOL) measurement, surprisingly little attention has been paid to QOL in the field of psychopharmacology. Since psychopharmacology is a rapidly developing subject appraising the effect on overall QOL of new drugs is becoming increasingly important. The measurement of QOL in this area raises complex methodological issues; it is argued that there is a need for more QOL research in the field of psychopharmacology.

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090307

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractForty patients diagnosed as suffering from senile dementia of the Alzheimer type received either 80 mg Ginkgo biloba special extract (GBE)* or matching placebo t.i.d. for three months in a randomized, double blind study of the efficacy and tolerance of GBE. The patients were assessed using a test battery at baseline and at 1, 2 and 3 months. The test battery included the SKT (a brief test of cognitive function, memory and attention), the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric Scale, choice reaction time, saccadic eye movements and EEG. Memory and attention, as measured by the SKT, improved significantly in the active treatment group after one month, as did psychopathology, psychomotor performance, functional dynamics and neurophysiology as measured by the above tests. The drug was well tolerated and no adverse drug reactions were recorded during the trial.

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090308

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090309

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470090310

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY