摘要:

AbstractThe amnestic effect of benzodiazepines, first described in 1965, and the subsequent attempts to identify the precise nature of this effect, are reviewed. The difficulty in deciding to what extent this effect is secondary to the sedative action of these drugs is shown by the lack of agreement between studies. Nevertheless, it is concluded that, given the right experimental design, all benzodiazepines can be shown to cause an anterograde amnesia which is probably primarily a result of reduced attention or rehearsal and secondary to sedation. Its onset, degree and duration are influenced by dose, rate of absorption, route of administration, potency and the receptor occupancy rate of the particular benzodiazepine involved, but plasma elimination t½appears to be relatively unimportant. The clinical relevance of this for the long‐term use of hypnotics and anxiolytics is not clear. Tolerance appears to be greater than for the anxiolytic but less than the sedative or anticonvulsant effect of benzodiazepines. It seems that transient amnestic effects could occur in chronic users related to post‐dose, peak benzodiazepine levels. The great variability in individual response means that transient amnesia is a potential adverse drug reaction in certain individuals taking benzodiazep

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCreutzfeldt‐Jakob disease is an untreatable degenerative disorder which presents problems in diagnosis. The clinical picture is said to be characterised by dementia, myoclonus and periodic triphasic discharge on the electroencephalogram. The high profile given to this disorder recently will lead inevitably to more diagnoses being made. There have been reports of a syndrome identical to CJD which is due to psychotropic drugs, particularly lithium, and which resolves spontaneously on discontinuation of the responsible medication. The available reports of this syndrome are reviewed and consideration is given to its validity and possible mechanisms by which it may be produce

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe11C‐labelled radioligands raclopride, SCH 23390 and N‐methyl‐spiroperidol are well established for examination of central dopamine receptors by positron emission tomography (PET).Thin layer chromatography was used to examine the composition of radioactivity in plasma after intravenous injection of any of these three ligands into human subjects. For all three ligands there was a considerable metabolism during the time of a PET‐experiment but to a different degree. Forty‐two minutes after injection (11C)raclopride was unchanged to 76 per cent, (11C)N‐methylspiroperidol to 57 per cent and (11C) SCH 23390 only to 13 per cent.A time curve for ligand metabolism is necessary for compartmental analysis with an arterial input function. The considerable ligand metabolism demonstrated shortly after i.v. injection motivates further the identification of main metabolites to evaluate if they pass the blood‐brain barrier and bind to

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNine male and nine female subjects received one of four doses of alcohol (0‐25, 0‐5, 0‐75 or 1 g per kg of bodyweight for male subjects: females received 92% of these values) or placebo. Similar blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) for males and females were reached. Subjects were then tested on two batteries of psychological tests related to skills involved in driving. These included psychomotor, cognitive and subjective assessment tasks. The results showed a linear increase in the disruption of performance with dose for many of the tests, particularly those involving psychomotor function. In addition it was demonstrated that on certain tasks males were affected more by alcohol than females. It is concluded that moderate doses of alcohol (resulting in BACs of 0‐05 to 0‐08 g/100 ml) can produce significant deficits in perceptual and motor skills related to driving

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEighty‐three patients were recruited in a multicentre study concerning the usefulness of benzodiazepines (BZ) in major depressive disorders, diagnosed according to the DSM‐III‐R criteria. After 1 week wash‐out, patients were randomized to clomipramine (CLMP) or CLMP plus bentazepam (BTZ) treatments (47 and 36 patients respectively). It was necessary to add hypnotics, usually a BZ, in 11 patients in the CLMP group and in one patient in the CLMP + BTZ group. The clinical improvement was faster in the group treated with CLMP + BTZ and, at the end of 6 weeks of treatment, the mean score in Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS) was lower than the one found in the group treated with CLMP. There were no significant differences found in Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) between the groups. The side‐effects observed were those due to CLMP, and only drowsiness was more frequent in the CLMP+BTZ group. However, the CLMP+BTZ combination was equally or better tolerated by patients than by those treated with CLMP alone. Similar results were found in hospitalized as well as in outpatients. The tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)/BZ association showed better results than TCA alone, producing a symptomatic improvement extensive to the anxious components of d

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFifteen chinese schizophrenic patients were given titrated doses of haloperidol (0.05‐0.42 mg/kg) for two weeks. All these 15 patients were in clinical remission on maintenance dose of haloperidol. The mean plasma haloperidol and reduced haloperidol concentrations were 16.8 ± 4.8 ng/ml and 13.6‐ 5.7 ng/ml respectively. The plasma RHAL/HAL ratio was in the range of 0.13±1.94. These values were similar to that reported for the Japanese population. The frequency distribution appeared to be bimodal. RBC reductase activity were found to be distributed normally and no correlation was found between plasma RHAL/HAL ratio and RBC reductase act

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDifferent aspects of anticonvulsant treatment and psychopathology were studied in a group of 150 adult epileptic mentally handicapped patients and compared with a matched control group of 150 adult non‐epileptic mentally handicapped people. Patients were collected from both hospital and community. Most epileptic patients received monopharmacy of the modern generation of anticonvulsants within the British National Formulary recommended dosage schedule. Most had their serum anticonvulsant level within the local laboratory reference range. Anticonvulsants other than sodium valproate lowered serum folate level. In general there was no direct relationship with anticonvulsant medication and psychopathology, although carbamazepine monopharmacy showed some protective effect on aggressive behaviou

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLevels of carbamazepine, carbamazepine‐10,11‐epoxide and −10,11‐diol were measured in the plasma of 40 patients with affective disorders chronically treated with carbamazepine. Steady‐state plasma levels of carbamazepine were not related to the degree of prophylactic response. In contrast, the mean plasma concentrations of the −10,11‐epoxide metabolite of carbamazepine were significantly lower in patients with complete response than in patients with partial response or in nonresponders. The ratios of carbamazepine‐10,11‐diol concentrations to the parent drug dose were found to be significantly different in the three response groups. These results suggest that the pharmacokinetic parameters of the metabolites might be used for the prediction of individual prophylactic efficacy at the initial stage of carb

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis commentary argues that the conventional assessment of the reliability of psychological tests may be inappropriate in psychopharmacology. The conventional approach depends upon the assessment of differences between individuals rather than changes within individuals. It thus favours measures of trait, while those required for investigating drug‐induced changes are measures of state. The sensitivity of a measure to change is a more useful criterion for inclusion in a test battery for the investigation of the effects of drug

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA single case report is presented in which zopiclone was used in a patient as a hypnotic. The patient developed physical dependence. It is suggested that the adverse effects of zopiclone relate to its mechanism of action. Like other hypnotics it binds to the gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐benzodiazepine‐chloride ionophore receptor complex. This may explain the means by which zopiclone can cause depen

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470070211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY