ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030202

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAntidepressant drugs have unequivocally altered the short‐term outcome of depressive illness and reduced considerably the risk of morbidity. Their influence upon the chronic course of depression or upon the excess mortality associated with depressive illness is less easy to quantify. Nevertheless, the benefits of effectively treating depression far outweigh the considerable risks of leaving depressed patients inadequately, inappropriately or untreated. Most antidepressants currently available have broadly equal efficacy, although some drugs may be more appropriate in certain types of patient, when particular symptoms are prominent or when a particular side‐effect is undesirable.Antidepressants vary in their side‐effect profiles, and the newer non‐tricyclic drugs appear to offer a reduced risk of anticholinergic and cardiovascular effects. All of the newer drugs carry additional adverse effects, however, leading in the cases of zimeldine and nomifensin to withdrawal from the market and with mianserin to controls on prescription. Analysis of overdosage data indicates that the greatest risk of any antidepressant is fatality upon overdosage, the numbers of which far exceed fatalities from adverse effects. It is suggested that any assessment of the overall benefitsand risks of antidepressant drugs should include not only risks at therapeutic dosage but also the dangers of ove

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030203

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPrevious studies suggested that in patients with affective illness, lithium ion accumulated more in erythrocytes (higher erythrocyte lithium ratio) as well as in the total body (greater lithium retention). The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship between erythrocyte lithium transport mechanisms and the parameters of lithium pharmacokinetics in 11 affective patients during depressive episodes. It was found that the activity of erythrocyte lithium–sodium countertransport (LSC) governing lithium transport out of the erythrocytes, measuredin vitrosignificantly correlated with rate constant (K21) of lithium trnsport from intra‐ to extracellular compartment. Passive lithium diffusion (PLD) in erythrocytes correlated with K21/K12 ratio. Neither LSC nor PLD correlated with renal lithium clearance. The results show that, in affective patients, the activity of erythrocyte LSC may serve as a model of the intensity of lithium extrusion from cells in the total b

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030204

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThere are numerous indications in the literature that lithium may affect the processing of sensory information, but no work involving human subjects has provided a direct test of this hypothesis. The present study attempted to provide such a demonstration by carrying out a signal detection analysis of information processing in a number of subjects undergoing prophylactic treatment with lithium. It was found that lithium impaired information processing in accordance with the hypothesis. In addition, efficiency of information processing was directly related to a global clinical rating of mood state, providing further evidence in support of an information processing model of manic‐depressive illness. A relationship also noted between mood state and response bias suggested that there may be two quite distinct psychological mechanisms underlying affective dysfunction, and that these might relate to the lithium responder‐non‐responder dich

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030205

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDay‐time sleep and residual effects of quazepam 15 mg, triazolam 0·25 mg, flunitrazepam 1 mg, and placebo, alone and in combination with ethanol, were studied using a randomized, double‐blind, crossover, single‐dose design. Eight healthy volunteers, four male and four female, aged 19–24 years, received each medication in the morning after a ‘normal’ sleep at home the preceding night.Quazepam and triazolam decreased the sleep onset when compared to placebo. The combination with ethanol did not change these findings. Quazepam and placebo showed less residual effects than triazolam and flunitrazepam at 4 hours after drug intake: in combination with ethanol at 4 and 6 hours. No significant differences in mood were found between the different ‘treatments’, except with regard to alertness for quazepam and placebo compared to flunitrazepam, alone and in combination with ethanol, all at 4 hours.The combination drug/ethanol showed an increase inCmaxof the former and a delay inTmaxwhen compared to drug alone. The study indicated few clinically useful correlations between clinical effect and plas

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030206

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract1. The effects of single doses of dimethindene (retard) 2·5 mg, chlorpheniramine (TD) 12mg and placebo on a battery of physiological, performance and subjective measures were studied in a double‐blind, crossover study in 12 healthy subjects.2. Dimethindene had a different EEG profile from chlorpheniramine; while both active drug treatments were associated with an increase in 8·0–13·0 Hz waveband activity, dimethindene alone produced less 2·0–4·0 Hz activity.3. The two active drugs were associated with an improvement in tapping rate. Dimethindene had no effect on simple reaction time, while chlorpheniramine was associated with a slowing in this measure.4. Subjective measures generally indicated an improvement in general alertness and contentedness with both dimethindene and chlorpheniramine.5. It is concluded that single doses of sustained‐release formulations of these antihistamines are slightly stimulant in effect and are useful where sedation in

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030207

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of transdermal scopolamine upon, psychological task performance, subjective feeling state, and visual functioning, were assessed with 28 naval volunteers at sea. The battery of assessment measures was given before drug administration, and following 24‐hour periods on transdermal scopolamine and transdermal placebo. Code substitution task performance was not affected, but letter cancellation errors were significantly increased, indicating an impairment in sustained attention with transdermal scopolamine. Subjective reports of dry mouth and drowsiness were significantly more frequent under scopolamine. Visual changes were also noted, with visual near point significantly increased for the overall group, and one hypermetropic subject developing a marked visual acuity decrement and severe blurred vision, following transdermal scopolamin

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030208

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe effects of single doses of levomepromazine (3, 6 and 12 mg) on psychomotor skills and memory tasks, as well as haemodynamic and pupil diameter parameters, were assessed in 12 normal volunteers. Each subject was given three of the four treatments, at a weekly interval in a double‐blind crossover randomized balanced incomplete‐block design. The three doses and a placebo were monitored using a battery of tests including critical flicker fusion (CFF), choice reaction time (CRT), subjective ratings and memory tasks before, 3 and 6 hours after drug intake. Supine standing blood pressure and pupil diameter were recorded at the same times.Compared to placebo, levomepromazine impaired both subjective and objective vigilance measures in a dose‐related manner, with 3 mg affecting only some subjective ratings, while 12 mg impaired most objective and subjective vigilance evaluations with a moderate effect on memory tasks (i.e. anterograde amnesia). Pupil diameter was reduced by the evaluations with a moderate effect on memory tasks (i.e. anterograde amnesia). Pupil diameter was reduced by the three doses. In conclusion, levomepromazine at low doses induced a sedative effect the intensity and duration of which are compatible with its use as an hyp

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030209

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractNine healthy male volunteers took part in a comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles and effects on psychomotor performance and memory following single dosing with an experimental sustained release (SR) and a conventional release (CR) formulation of lorazepam. There was evidence of a sustained release profile for the SR formulation which had a latertmax(median 8 h) and significantly lower peak serum concentration (mean 12·1 ng ml−1) compared with CR lorazepam (2 h and 21.8 ng ml−1respectively). The effect of SR lorazepam on pharmacodynamic variables occurred later and was less intense than with CR lorazepam. Good correlations were obtained between most of the pharmacodynamic parameters measured and the logarithm of the serum concentration for both formulations, with the exception of the choice reaction time test for SR lorazepam. However, both formulations produced a similar degree of impairment of 24h re

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030210

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe sublingual form of the benzodiazepine hypnotic lormetazepam was developed with the aim of attaining greater flexibility in the treatment of sleep disorders. The object is to achieve rapid onset of hypnotic effect and provide patients with a form of medication which they can take after having gone to bed and only if they have difficulty in falling asleep. In a placebo‐controlled crossover double‐blind study the hypnotic effect, side‐effects and acceptance of lormetazepam sublingual (1 mg) were investigated in 60 patients with sleep disorders receiving treatment from physicians in independent practices. The study was conducted over a total of 2 weeks, the patients receiving lormetazepam and placebo for 7 days respectively, changing over in the second week. The results show that in the sublingual form lormetazepam (1) is distinctly better than placebo as regards hypnotic efficacy, particularly with respect to the reduction of sleep latency; (2) does not lead to a significantly higher rate of concomitant symptoms than placebo; and (3) is well accepted by the patientsin the wafer

ISSN:0885-6222    

DOI:10.1002/hup.470030211

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY