ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199347

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Green Chemistry has emerged in the 1990s as a way that the skills, knowledge, and talents of chemists can be used avoid threats to human health and the environment in all types of chemical processes. One of the most active areas of Green Chemistry research and development is in analytical methodology development. New methods and techniques that reduce and eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances through all aspects of the chemical analysis lifecycle are the manifestations of the recent interest in Green Analytical Chemistry.

ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199356

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199365

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The article describes problems of organic substances that have persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic characteristics likely to cause adverse human health or environmental effects. They are called PBTs (Persistent, Bioaccumulative, Toxic substances) and briefly the state of the PBTs problems in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe is described. As an example of research activities in the region, the long-term research program of Czech and other scientists so-called Project TOCOEN (Toxic Organic COmpounds in the ENviron-ment) is described.

ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199374

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Methods designed for analysis of aquatic humic substances are summarized and compared. A need to evaluate just the concentration of true humic substances, rather than summary parameters, characterizing dissolved organic substances such as COD, DOC, TOC, and others is stressed. Possible future trends in the studies of dissolved humic substances are touched on.

ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199383

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Sample preparation continues to be an important step in environmental analysis and a lot of progress has been made in the last decade toward the development of faster, safer, and more environmentally friendly techniques for sample extraction and extract clean up prior to instrumental analysis. This article focuses on the state of the art in sample preparation, particularly in the area of supercritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, accelerated-solvent extraction for solid matrices, and both solid-phase extraction and solid phase microextraction for aqueous matrices. Driven by the need for faster, cheaper, and more sensitive analytical methods, advances in sample preparation have included not only automation but many developments in coupling sample preparation with instrumental analysis (e.g., supercritical fluid extraction coupled with immunoassays). Examples are presented for extraction of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides, polychlo-rinated biphenyls, phenolic compounds, triazine and chlorophenoxy acid herbicides, and organotin and organomercury compounds from solid matrices with supercritical carbon dioxide and modified supercritical carbon dioxide as well as organic solvents under microwave irradiation. Emerging trends in sample preparation such asin situderivatization/extraction of analytes from solid matrices and solventless extraction techniques such as solid-phase microextraction are presented.

ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199392

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Synthetic, petroleum-based polymer films are extremely stable and are commonly used in agriculture, food packaging, fast-food restaurants, and on military and commercial ships. However, their attractive stability is counterbalanced by two problems. One is that petroleum polymers contribute to the demand for expensive imported oil. The other is their great resistance to biodegradation. When disposed they constitute a serious problem with very negative environmental impact. For example, the most frequently used polyethylene film takes 200 years to biodegrade. On the other hand, the use of agricultural biopolymers that are easily biodegradable not only would solve these problems but would also provide a potential new use for surplus farm production. Unfortunately, films from agricultural polymers are initially inferior to synthetic polymers mostly because of their difficult moldability and poorer physicochemical properties. However, specifically modified acidic carbohydrates and proteins with disulfide bondings may produce attractive alternatives.

ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199400

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The Arges River arises from the ice lake Capra, which is situated in the Fagaras mountains, and is flows into the Danube River near Oltenita city. During this “trip” it collects, more or less cleaned, industrial or home-originated wastewater and other waste materials. Some of these are deposited on the river bed, others are transported downstream by water or fish.Among antropogenic compounds, heavy metal ions may be the most harmful pollutants. While many other compounds are more or less biodegradable, heavy metal ions could be retained in the ecosystem, indefinitely. The water samples were collected between Cumpana and Oltenita from 12 sites placed in the middle of the stream. Heavy metal ions concentration in the samples were quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. The values were compared with Anodic Stripping Voltammetry delivered results (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb), which provided a good agreement. The values determined within our work represent singular cases. Considering the obtained values for the water elements — loading related to reference limit values, the Arges River is, with few exceptions, a clean river.

ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199419

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The mission of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to protect human health and safeguard the natural environment. EPA was established to implement and enforce environmental regulations passed by the U.S. Congress to control pollutants discharged into the air, water, and land. To implement these regulations, EPA develops test procedures (analytical methods) to measure regulated pollutants. These methods are contained in regulations codified at Title 40 of the U.S.Code of Federal Regulations(40 CFR). Nearly all of the current test procedures are prescriptive, meaning that they contain exacting procedures for performing tests. Recently, EPA has initiated an effort to implement a performance-based measurement system (PBMS) that will introduce flexibility in conducting environmental monitoring. This initiative will encourage analytical innovation by allowing the use of new and alternate methods provided that predetermined performance criteria are met. This article presents an overview of EPA's analytical methods programs and implementation of PBMS and provides detailed information on EPA's wastewater monitoring program.

ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199428

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Some activities realized as a part of the projectEvaluation of the State of the Environment: Monitoring of Contaminants in Food Chainsin the Czech Republic have been briefly reviewed.

ISSN:1040-8347    

DOI:10.1080/10408349891199437

出版商:TAYLOR & FRANCIS    

年代:1999

数据来源: Taylor