摘要:

The hierarchy principle suggests that when individuals fail to reach social goals and they continue to pursue them, their first tendency is to alter lower level elements of message plan hierarchies concerned with speech rate and vocal intensity rather than higher level elements related to the structure and sequencing of message content. This pattern of message plan alteration is predicated on the notion that higher level alterations are more demanding of scarce cognitive resources. This postulate was examined directly in two laboratory and two field experiments in which geographic direction givers were led to believe their directions had been misunderstood because of communication failures located at different levels in the message plan hierarchy. Consistent with the hierarchy principle and the effort postulate, direction givers required to make more abstract alterations to their directions (route changes) showed higher levels of cognitive load as indexed by speech onset latency than direction givers required to make lower level alterations (landmarks and speech rate). The effects of time constraints, preinteraction planning, and failure pervasiveness were also examined. Both laboratory and field experiments showed general support for the hierarchy principle's predictions. Implications of the hierarchy principle for the study of strategic communication are considered.

ISSN:1050-3293    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00123.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The idea of “development journalism,” central to many discussions of mass communication and development in the Third World, needs to be reconceptualized because deliberations about its validity and usefulness have been bogged down in arguments structured by Western notions of press freedom. The debate has diverted attention from important questions about how journalism can contribute to participatory democracy, security, peace, and other humanistic values.This article argues that social transformations are deeply rooted in changing ideas and practices related to space and time. Thus, as background for reconceptualizing development journalism, the expectations and actual impacts of the dominant models of mass communication and development are analyzed, with particular attention to the relationships among mass communication, space, and time. Then the concept of emancipation is explicated and a normative model for “emancipatory journalism” is outlined. The model specifies an activist role within “new social movements” for journalism and journalists in the process of national development. The relationship between emancipatory journalism and social change is considered in the fi

ISSN:1050-3293    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00124.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Peirce's notion of abductive reasoning provides a theoretical framework in which to analyze visual interpretation, that is, how viewers understand a visual and interpret its meaning. This paper demonstrates that a different kind of interpretive logic operates for visual communication processes than for language‐based communication processes, and this logic is best articulated in the semiotic literature where the notion of interpretation is more carefully conceptualize

ISSN:1050-3293    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00125.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Paul de Man's conception of rhetoric is misguided. Based on his reading of Nietzsche, de Man argues that the historical and philosophical articulations of rhetoric suggest that persuasion exists as a derivative of trope. In this essay, I provide a rereading of Nietzsche's early conceptions of rhetoric that critiques de Man's separation of trope and persuasion. Through this rereading, I argue that Nietzsche's understanding of rhetoric parallels earlier historical articulations of rhetoric, which rely on a fusion of trope and persuasion as a means of the social production of knowledge. The essay concludes by arguing that Nietzsche's sense of perspectivism coincides with this social sense of rhetoric, and that de Man's separation of trope and persuasion becomes untenable when rhetoric is reconsidered within the thematic of Nietzsche's perspectivism.

ISSN:1050-3293    

DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00126.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1996

数据来源: WILEY