摘要:

Hepatic protein catabolism was measured in rats which were pair‐fed a liquid diet containing either ethanol or isocaloric maltose‐dextrin (control diet). Within 12 days after initiation of pair feeding, the level of total hepatic protein in ethanol‐fed rats was 26K higher than that in pair‐fed control rats. During this time interval, the catabolic rates of both short‐lived [3H]puromycin‐labeled proteins and long‐lived native [14C]bicarbonate‐labeled proteins were measured In the two groups of animals. The degradation rate of short‐lived [3H] puromycinyl proteins and peptides was the same in ethanol‐fed and pair‐fed control rats. However, the overall catabolic rate of long‐lived proteins in rats fed the ethanol liquid diet for 2‐10 days was 37‐40% lower than that in pair‐fed controls. This difference in protein turnover was not a general phenomenon, since the time‐dependent decay of [14C]proteins in the hepatic microsome fraction of ethanol‐fed rats was 33% slower than that in pair‐fed controls, but the apparent rate of cytosolic protein catabolism was the same in both groups of animals. The differences in protein turnover did not reflect quantitative changes in lysosomal proteases since the activities of four hepatic lysosomal cathepsins were unaffected by alcohol administration. When rats were subjected to longer periods of pair feeding (16‐25 days), the difference in overall hepatic protein catabolism between ethanol‐fed rats and their pair‐fed controls was considerably attenuated. Our findings indicate that during the early stages of pair‐feeding, animals consuming ethanol showed a slower rate of degradation of long‐lived hepatic proteins compared with pair‐fed control rats. Since a significant determinant of cellular protein content is the rate of protein degradation, the results suggest that the lower rate of protein catabolism in ethanol‐fed rats accounts for part of the

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00283.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Alterations in heart and liver metabolism were determined periodically in Sprague‐Dawley rats pair‐fed a liquid diet (ethanol, 36% of calories) for times as long as 1 year. In liver mitochondria the rate of ATP synthesis was lowered significantly after ethanol administration for 1 month and longer feeding periods. In liver microsomes from ethanol‐fed animals, ethanol oxidation and aniline hydroxylation increased 1.5‐ and 3.5‐fold, respectively, after 1 month and remained elevated at the longer feeding intervals. Electron microscopic analyses of heart left ventricles revealed no alterations from ethanol consumption for 1 month. Alterations including disrupted mitochondrial cristae, dilatation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and widening of the intercalated discs were observed after 6.5‐month feeding periods. Myocardial concentrations of creatine, creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP, and Pi remained constant even after ethanol consumption for 9 months. After a 12‐month feeding period slight changes in cardiac mitochondrial energy‐linked properties were observed which were not as pronounced as those occurring in liver mitochondria. The activity and oligomycin sensitivity of the ATPase were not altered in cardiac mitochondria, whereas in liver preparations significant alterations in these properties of the ATPase were apparent after ethanol consumption for 1 month and the longer feeding periods. These observations suggest that the liver responds more quickly and dramatically to chronic ethanol consumption than

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00284.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

No association between acetylation phenotype and alcoholism was discovered. Fifty‐four percent of both the alcoholic patients and healthy volunteers were rapid acetylators. Acetylation phenotyping is not helpful to the investigation 01 the genetics of alcoholis

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00285.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The fetal alcohol syndrome is associated with altered immunity. We attempted to delineate the mechanism of the decline in cell‐mediated immunity observed by others by using rats which were exposed to alcohol in utero and tested for immune integrity 3 months after birth. We found that concanavalin A‐stimulated T‐lymphoblast (Con A T‐blast) cells that were obtained from ethanol‐exposed rats had significantly diminished proliferative responses to both crude and recombinant intedeukin 2 compared to those obtained from normal and nutritional controls. The blunted response of Con A T‐blast cells to intedeukin 2 may be a biomarker of fetal exposure

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00286.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Interactive effects of prenatal ethanol and maternal nutritional status on reproductive outcome and maternal and offspring adrenocortical activity were examined. Ethanol was administered to pregnant females in liquid diets (36% ethanol‐derived calories) which were marginal or optimal in terms of requirements for pregnancy. Both pair‐fed and ad libitum fed control groups were included. Females consuming ethanol from gestation Day 1 through parturition gained less weight, were delayed in parturition, and had fewer and smaller live born young than pair‐fed or control females, regardless of whether they consumed marginal or optimal diets. Withdrawing ethanol on Day 21 of gestation attenuated many of ethanol's adverse effects on reproductive outcome. However, prenatal maternal ethanol intake altered adrenocortical activity/responsiveness of the mother, the fetus, and the preweaning offspring, regardless of maternal nutritional status. Relative adrenal weights and basal corticos‐terone levels were increased in the dam both prenatally and at parturition. Ethanol‐exposed fetuses (A) had increased relative adrenal weights but lower basal corticosterone levels than pair‐fed (PF) and control (C) fetuses on gestation Day 21. At birth, plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels were increased, while absolute adrenal weights and corticosterone binding globulin (CBG) binding capacity were decreased in A neonates. At 5 days of age, A pups showed reduced plasma corticoid responses to ether at 15 min poststress and to novelty or saline injection at 90‐min post stress compared to PF and C pups. CBG binding capacity was also reduced in A pups. At 10 days of age, plasma corticosterone levels were lower overall in A and PF than in C pups following exposure to a number of different acute stressors while at 18 days plasma corticoids were decreased and adrenal corticosterone was increased in A compared to PF and/or C pups. These data support and extend previous studies indicating that in utero ethanol exposure alters postnatal adrenocortical development. This effect is specific to ethanol and unaltered by maternal nutri

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00287.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ability of acetaldehyde to generate free radicals is often ascribed to its oxidation by xanthine oxidase, with the subsequent production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Chemiluminescence associated with the oxidation of acetaldehyde by xanthine oxidase was inhibited by superoxide dismutase, catalase, or several hydroxyl radical scavenging agents, and was stimulated by the addition of EDTA or ferric‐EDTA. This suggests that the light emission is primarily due to the production of hydroxyl radicals via an iron‐catalyzed Haber‐Weiss type of reaction. Chemiluminescence with hypoxanthine as substrate for xanthine oxidase was much lower than that found with acetaldehyde, yet rates of hydroxyl radical production were greater with hypoxanthine. Acetaldehyde increased light emission in the presence of hypoxanthine by a greater than additive effect. These results suggest a complex role for acetaldehyde in catalyzing xanthine oxidase‐dependent chemiluminscence. It appears that besides being a substrate for xanthine oxidase, acetaldehyde also reacts with the generated hydroxyl radical to produce acetaldehyde radicals, which yield chemiluminescence upon their decay. Further studies will be required to evaluate whether the production of such species contributes to or plays a role in the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates and toxicity associated with acetaldehyde met

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00288.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ethanol, i.p., produced a greater dose‐dependent hypothermia in long sleep (LS) than in short sleep (SS) mice with significant decreases in rectal temperature observed only at doses greater than 3 g/kg, i.p. Likewise, at doses of 1 to 2 g/kg ethanol, i.p., these lines of mice differ markedly in locomotor activity. Neurotensin (NT), intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.), induced a similar hypothermia in both SS and LS mice at doses greater than 0.02 μg. Doses of ethanol (1.0 g/kg) or NT (0.005 μg, i.c.v.) that failed to cause hypothennia when administered separately produced a pronounced hypothermia when administered together. Potentiation of NT and ethanol‐induced hypothermia was greater in SS than in LS mice. Sensitivity to NT‐induced hypothermia was greater following i.c.v. administration than by infusion into the nucleus accumbens (NA) or the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Neurotensin, i.c.v. or intra‐NA, markedly inhibited ethanol‐induced increase in locomotor activity in both SS and LS mice; however, NT, intra‐VTA, did not alter the effects of ethanol on locomotor activity. The results suggest that NT and ethanol act in a synergistic manner on specific neuronal processes mediating thermoregulation and spontaneous m

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00289.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The comparative efficacy of clonidine and chlormethiazole has been examined in the management of acute alcohol withdrawal. A double blind randomized study was conducted in consecutive patients admitted to a hospital detoxification unit. Patients were assessed regularly by a standard alcohol withdrawal rating‐scale. Thirty‐two patients received either clonidine or chlormethiazole in reducing dosages over 96 hr. All the patients receiving chlormethiazole had uneventful withdrawals. However, eight patients treated with clonidine were withdrawn from the trial due to hallucinations (two), seizures (two), symptomatic orthostatic hypotension (three) or drowsiness (one), indicating that clonidine is less effective than chlormethiazole in the prevention of the major manifestations of alcohol withdra

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00290.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00291.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study hypothesizes that distinct biochemical and metabolic disturbances associated with liver injury may be related to specific cognitive changes in alcoholics. In 132 alcoholic men admitted to an alcohol treatment program, increases in γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) values were correlated with impairment in several measures of visuoperceptual and visuoconceptual functioning. The association between plasma levels of GGT and neuropsychological performance was independent of the relative contribution of other laboratory measures of liver injury and of alcohol consumption histories. These observations support the hypothesis that elevated levels of GGT are distinctly associated with neuropsychological deficits and suggest that possible mechanisms beyond severe hepatic dysfunction and alcohol consumption underlie cognitive deficits in alcoholi

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00292.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY