ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01544.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We are interested in the characterization of the effects of alcohol on human T‐cell activation, maturation, and migration, because this cell population is crucial in the initiation, regulation, and propagation of cellular immunity. We and others have described the effects of both acute and chronic exposure of human immune cells to ethanol (EtOH) in vitro. Herein, we briefly, review these reports and expand this body of literature with the inclusion of new data recently obtained in our laboratory. We confirm the blunting effects of EtOH on the production of interleukin‐2 and mitogen proliferative response following T‐cell mitogen stimulation, and on the expression of membrane markers of activation. We show that EtOH significantly alters the expression of the CD4 cell‐associated marker of activation, CD26. We report the effect of EtOH on the expression of the homing receptor CD62L by CD4+cells, and on their ability to adhere by a CD18‐mediated process to a defined cellular substratum. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effects of EtOH and EtOH and 0‐endor‐phin pretreatment on the activation of CD4+lymphocytes endowed with the homing r

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01545.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Restriction of food availability is a reliable stimulus that leads to significant hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) activation to which rats do not habituate. Based on our previous data that indicated that the HPA response to some, but not all, stressful stimuli is significantly greater in adult offspring of Sprague‐Dawley dams exposed to 35% alcohol during the last 2 weeks of gestation than that of control rats and on the mounting neuroendocrine‐immune literature that describes the role of pituitary‐adrenal products in modulating cellular immunity, we hypothesized that the outcomes of food restriction would be significantly more marked in fetal alcohol‐exposed (FAE) offspring, compared with control rats. Data we report herein show that–whereas food restriction at 30–35 days of age produced significant changes in body weight, thymus weight‐to‐body weight ratio, adrenal weight‐to‐body weight ratio, plasma corticosterone levels, and in thymocyte number, as well as in the percentage and absolute number of CD4+and CD8+thymocytes that express CD45RC–FAE and control rats were equally affected. We conclude that food restriction is another example of a stressful stimulus that fails to distinguish satisfactorily between FAE and contro

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01546.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In both animal and human studies, ethanol seems to modulate host immune function. In a variety of animal studies, ethanol has been shown to decrease lymphocyte function and number. In human studies of patients with alcoholic hepatitis, these abnormalities were also seen with specific correlation with protein malnutrition. Hepatic pathological lesions were also correlated with lymphocyte subset infiltration. However, peripheral blood lymphocytes did not correlate consistently with hepatic histopathology.

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01547.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Direct and indirect evidence indicates that T cells are altered in alcoholics. The most commonly reported changes under direct examination have been consistent with an increased level of activation as reflected by shifts in the ratio of common leukocyte antigen isoforms expressed at the cell surface, by increases in the expression of class II antigen, or by alterations in the expression of various adhesion molecules. Functional evidence for T‐cell abnormality includes loss of delayed hypersensitivity and a number of findings attributed to dysregulation of B cells by alcoholic T cells; these include the widely reported disturbances of immunoglobulin production in vivo and a range of abnormal responses when T and B cells are combined in vitro.Detailed flow cytometric examination of T cells from alcoholics with or without active liver disease reveals a significant loss ofl‐selectin CD8+T cells, but not usually of CD4+T cells. There is an inverse increase in the expression of CD11b on the CD8+cells that have decreased L‐selectin+percentages. Both CD8+and CD4+T cells in alcoholics display a significant loss of the CD45RA isoform and a gain of cells exhibiting the CD45RO isoform. Other surface alterations include increased expression of CD57, a marker most commonly associated on T cells with conditions of chronic increased antigenic exposure.It is argued that these and other T‐cell alterations in alcoholics are cytokine‐driven in part and result in T‐cell differentiation states that are functionally inappropriate. The results of these alterations may include reductions in normal lymphocyte traffic, an increase in cell‐mediated cytotoxicity, and intermittent loss of normal suppressor functions for immunoglobulin production permitting increased autoantibody formation. Chronic excessive antigen exposure may contribute at other times to the development of abnormal regulatory suppression of the im

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01548.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The genotypes of the CYP2E1 and ALDH2 loci of alcoholic (alcohol dependence) and nonalcoholic (healthy) Japanese were investigated to examine the relationship between the polymorphism of CYP2E1 (C1/C2) and ALDH2 (ALDH2*1/ALDH2*2), and the susceptibility to alcoholism. There was no significant difference in C2gene frequency between alcoholics (0.19) and nonalcoholics (controls) (0.20), whereas there was a significant difference in ALDH2 allele frequency, suggesting that, in Japanese, the C2genotype of CYP2E1 may have nothing to do with the risk of developing alcohol dependence. However, theALDH2*1allele may influence drinking behavior and the development of alcohol dependence. Furthermore, racial interethnic differences in the frequency of the mutated allele of the CYP2E1 gene (CJ were found, like the ALDH2 gene. Japanese healthy controls showed a significantly higher frequency of the C2allele than did Swedish healthy controls (0.05; reported by Persson et al.,FEBS Lett.319:207‐211,1993

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01549.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A total of 217 adult male subjects were evaluated utilizing event‐related potentials (ERPs) elicited with two different auditory tasks (Counting and Choice Reaction). Ninety‐eight alcoholics from high‐density, multigenerational families were evaluated along with 39 first‐degree nonalcoholic relatives from the same high‐density families. Eighty controls, selected for low density of alcoholism in their extended families, were also studied. Using both conventional and topographic analyses, no significant differences in the amplitude of the P300 component could be found with either of the auditory tasks. No significant differences in amplitude of N250 were seen. The latency of N250 increased with increasing conditional probabilities (0.33,0.67, and 1.00), a trend that was amplified in the Counting task as compared with the Choice Reaction task. This prolongation in a task not requiring a reaction response (button press) tended to increase the latency more for alcoholics than controls or high‐risk nonalcoholic subjects. Age, lifetime, and recent drinking were treated as covariates in all analyses. The absence of P300 amplitude differences between adult high‐ and low‐risk subjects is discussed in the context of the much more reliable differences seen between high‐ and low‐risk children from the same high‐ and low‐density families, when evaluated with

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01550.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study was conducted to examine the role of childhood behavioral disorders (CBDs) and residual attention deficit disorder (AD‐DRT) in alcohol‐related cognitive dysfunction in male and female subjects. Alcoholic (n = 44 females, 56 males) and control (n = 40 females, 40 males) subjects completed assessments that included measures of CBDs, ADDRT, and cognitive and psychosocial functioning. Cognitive tests were specifically designed to assess efficiency in function. As expected, alcoholics were inferior to controls in their cognitive efficiency [F(1,171) = 10.43, p = 0.0015]. Alcoholics reported more CBDs [F(1,161) = 12.02, p = 0.0007], regardless of sex. They also reported more ADDRT [F(1,173) = 44.12, p = O.OOOl] than did controls. There were also sex [F(l,173) = 13.31, p = 0.0004]and group by sex effects [F(1,173) = 3.93, p = 0.051. Female alcoholics reported more ADDRT symptoms than any other group. Regression equations conducted to clarify the relation between group, sex, CBDs, ADDRT, and cognitive efficiency indicated that the best predictor of cognitive efficiency was group classification (alcoholic versus control). That is, although symptoms of behavioral disorders were reported significantly more frequently by both male and female alcoholic subjects, these symptoms could not account for the cognitive impairment observed in either

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01551.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although alcohol‐related flushing seems to be a genetically influenced protective factor for alcoholism in some Asian groups, little is known about whether this is true for Caucasians. The evidence for alcohol‐related flushing as a protective factor for the development of alcoholism was examined in a sample of 5831 Australian twins (2041 men, 3790 women) who were administered a structured psychiatric interview. Twin correlations for self‐reported adverse alcohol reactions (e.g., “flushing or blushing” and “feeling very sleepy” after drinking 1 or 2 drinks) were modest, suggesting minimal contribution of genetic factors, but when corrected for reliability of measurement, were consistent with moderate heritabilities. In accord with studies examining Asian samples, we found that individuals who experienced adverse reactions after drinking small amounts of alcohol drank less often and slightly less per drinking occasion than those who did not experience adverse reactions. However, those who experienced adverse reactions weremore likelyto have symptoms of alcoholism and to report a parental history of alcohol problems. We conclude that self‐reported alcohol‐related flushing is not a protective factor for alcoholism in Caucasians and may

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01552.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We tested the hypothesis that alcoholics develop a disease‐related attentional bias. Therefore, alcohol‐related, but task‐irrelevant, words should cause a specific perceptual‐processing bias. We investigated this by using a special color‐naming task. We subjected 40 male alcohol‐dependent inpatients and 40 healthy male controls (matched according to age and verbal la) to a modified card version of the Stroop colornaming task that consisted of a neutral and an alcohol word condition (“Alcohol Stroop”). Alcoholic inpatients performed significantly poorer than the control group under the critical experimental condition (color‐naming of disease‐related words), as compared with the noncritical condition (color‐naming of neutral words; p = 0.03). Concerning the possible neuropsychological impairment of the patients, no effects could be found on the reaction time of the “Standard Stroop” using only neutral words (i.e., color‐naming of incongruent color words administered without time limitation). The information processing bias on the “Alcohol Stroop” thus qualifies as a cognitive process, which is independent from putative neuropsychological deficits of alcoholic patients and might represent an essential feature of alcoholic psychopathology. The “Alcohol Stroop” contributes to the experim

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01553.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY