ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01585.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Earlier studies have suggested that catalase activity (CA) may represent a biological marker of alcohol intake in animals and in humans. An initial study was designed to rule out the possibility that CA is induced as a function of acute alcohol intake. Subjects (n= 80) were presented with either an alcohol (0.5 g/kg of body weight) or control solution, and asked to provide four 100‐μl blood samples at 0.0, 0.5, 2.0, and 24.0 hr. Results showed no differences in CA between individuals who had received alcohol, and controls, even when the effects of previous drinking history were covaried out. This lack of effect of acute alcohol intake on the possible induction of CA further supported the notion that CA may be a viable marker of alcohol intake, rather than the converse. In the second study, the relation between CA and alcohol intake was investigated in individuals with a family history (FH) of alcoholism (FH+), and in those without a family history of alcoholism (FH‐). Subjects (n= 607) completed the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Questionnaire, the MacAndrew Scale, and the Concordia University Alcohol Screening Questionnaire; answered questions concerning their FH for alcoholism; and provided a 100‐μl blood sample. Results showed that FH+ individuals had higher mean CA compared with FH‐ individuals. When individuals with FH+ were compared with those with FH‐, differences in the pattern of relation between CA and alcohol intake were observed. Although a significant relation between CA and alcohol intake was obtained for both FH‐ and FH+ individuals, this relation was significantly higher (p<0.001) for individuals with FH+. Results from a multiple regression analyses suggested that CA in FH+ individuals made the highest single contribution to the variance, even after accounting for several additional variables. These results support the contention that CA may be a biological marker of the propensity of FH+ individuals to co

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01586.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Genetic deficiency of the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is frequent in Asian peoples where it is an important factor negatively regulating drinking behavior. To obtain additional information on gene geography of known ALDH2 alleles, and look for new variants, ALDH2 genes were evaluated in a Chinese population from Taiwan, a Yakut population of Siberia, and in five North American Indian populations. A novel approach based on a single‐strand conformation polymorphism assay, and polymerase chain reaction‐directed mutagenesis was developed for genotyping. In the Taiwan Chinese population, theALDH22allele frequency was 0.319 ± 0.025, and this allele was not detected in the Yakut population nor in the five North American Indian populations. However, a new allele,ALDH23, was detected in Pima Indians at a frequency of 0.044 ±0.022, and this allele was also observed in 1 of 49 Pueblo samples.ALDH23is a silent transition 1464 G → A, and it possibly has a wide distribution among North American Indians. A new subtype of theALDH22allele, designated asALDH22Taiwan, was found in 1 of 174 Chinese from Taiwan.ALDH22Taiwanis characterized by two G → A transitions at bases 1486 and 1510, resulting in Glu → Lys substitutions at both the 479 and 487 positions. Thus, this second nonconservative ALDH2 substitution occurs within the sequence of the already inactiveA

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01587.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Many studies have found genetic effects to contribute to alcoholism risk in both men and women. Based on preliminary evidence for shared genetic risk between smoking and drinking problems, a re‐analysis of alcohol challenge data on 412 Australian twins was performed to explore the possibility that smoking may diminish or moderate the intoxicating effects of alcohol. We found history of smoking to be strongly associated with self‐reported intoxication after alcohol challenge in women (women: r = ‐0.44 ± 0.08; men: r = ‐0.21 ±0.08), comparable with self‐reported average weekly consumption of alcohol, which was more strongly associated in men (women: r = ‐0.37 ±0.07; men:r =‐0.54 ±0.06). Structural equation model‐fitting indicated a strong association between heavy drinking and smoking, but the association between smoking and postalcohol intoxication remained even when the effects of heavy drinking were controlled for. These results prompt the question of whether smoking cigarettes directly influences the transition from moderate to excessive use of alcohol by diminishing feelings of a

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01588.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We used computer‐aided magnetic resonance image analysis and an age‐normed battery of neuropsychological tests to measure brain atrophy and cognitive function in 14 older abstinent alcoholic men and 11 older controls in the expectation that these subject groups would show the greatest and most persistent cerebral effects consequent to chronic alcoholism. The abstinent alcoholics exhibited cognitive impairments (primarily in memory and visual‐spatial‐motor skills) compared with the controls. In contrast, we found no difference in global cerebral atrophy between the groups, although two alcoholics had extensive atrophy compared with all other subjects. However, there was a stronger association between age and ventricular dilation in the alcoholic sample compared with controls. We conclude that a substrate other than magnetic resonance imaging‐detectable global atrophy must underlie the persistent cognitive impairments evident in the sampled alcoholics. Furthermore, if there are global atrophic changes in the brain associated with chronic alcoholism, these effects are not ubiquitous and/or may be reversible in most patients with sufficient a

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01589.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The performance of amnesic Korsakoff patients in delay eyeblink classical conditioning was compared with that of recovered chronic alcoholic subjects and healthy normal control subjects. Normal control subjects exhibited acquisition of conditioned responses (CRs) to a previously neutral, conditioned tone stimulus (CS) following repeated pairings with an unconditioned air‐puff stimulus, and demonstrated extinction of CRs when the CS was subsequently presented alone. Both amnesic Korsakoff patients and recovered chronic alcoholic subjects demonstrated an impairment in their ability to acquire CRs. These results indicate that the preservation of delay eyeblink conditioning in amnesia must depend on the underlying neuropathology of the amnesic syndrome. It is known that patients with amnesia caused by medial temporal lobe pathology have preserved conditioning. We have now demonstrated that patients with anmesia caused by Korsakoff's syndrome, as well as recovered chronic alcoholic subjects, have impaired conditioning. This impairment is most likely caused by cerebellar deterioration resulting from years of alcohol abus

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01590.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A reduced thyrotropin (TSH) response to TSH‐releasing hormone (TRH) has been reported in a portion of abstinent alcoholic men without evidence of cirrhosis of the liver. It is not known whether this neuroendocrine change is a precursor of alcoholism or a sequelae of heavy alcohol consumption. Three of four published studies have found evidence for differences in TRH‐induced TSH response in subjects at high risk for alcoholism, based on family history, compared with subjects at low risk for alcoholism. To test further the hypothesis that the TRH‐induced TSH response is a vulnerability marker for alcoholism, we tested 25 young men with an alcoholic father [family history‐positive (FHP)] and matched them, on alcohol consumption, to 25 young men with no identified first‐ or second‐degree relatives with alcoholism [family history‐negative (FHN)]. FHP subjects were further categorized based on whether their father had shown signs of alcohol problems before age 25 years (FHP‐Early,n= 10) or after age 24 years (FHP‐Late,n= 12). FHP subjects did not differ from FHN subjects in their baseline levels of thyroid hormones, glucose, Cortisol, or TSH. However, the distribution of TSH responses in the FHP subjects was skewed toward lower values, compared with FHN subjects (p= 0.12). Furthermore, FHP‐Late subjects had lower TSH responses than FHN subjects (p= 0.02), whereas the TSH response of FHP‐Early subjects was not different from FHN subjects. Prolactin responses to TRH were similar across all groups. These findings support the hypothesis that the TRH‐induced TSH response may be a marker of vulnerability to alcoholism and suggest an association between the marker and risk fo

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01591.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Twenty‐one male managers who normally drink moderate amounts of alcohol participated in a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover experiment. Subjects consumed either placebo or alcoholic drinks to attain a breath alcohol level of 0.10 during the evening before participation in Strategic Management Simulations. By the time of arrival at the simulation laboratory on the following morning, breath alcohol levels were measured at 0.00. Questionnaire responses indicated considerable hangover discomfort. Responses to semantic differential evaluative scales suggested that research participants evaluated their own managerial performance in the simulation setting as impaired. However, multiple (validated) measures of decision‐making performance obtained in the simulation task did not show any deterioration of functioning. Previous research had shown considerable performance decrements in the same task setting, while blood/breath alcohol levels ranged from 0.05 through 0.10%. Apparently, complex decision‐making competence by persons who normally consume moderate amounts of alcohol may not be impaired by hangover caused by intoxication during the previous evening that remains at or below a blood alcohol leve

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01592.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using proton transfer reaction‐mass spectrometry for trace gas analysis of the human breath, the concentrations of methanol and ethanol have been measured for various test persons consuming alcoholic beverages and various amounts of fruits, respectively. The methanol concentrations increased from a natural (physiological) level of ∼ 0.4 ppm up to ∼ 2 ppm a few hours after eating about 1/2 kg of fruits, and about the same concentration was reached after drinking of 100 ml brandy containing 24% volume of ethanol and 0.19% volume of met

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01593.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Alcoholic liver disease is a major cause of liver disease and has become an ever‐increasing indication for liver transplantation (LTx). Follow‐up studies have reported a higher rate of alcohol recidivism in patients transplanted for alcoholic hepatitis, compared with those transplanted for endstage alcohol‐associated cirrhosis. It is assumed widely that recurrent alcohol use is associated with reduced compliance with immune suppression and, as a result, an increased risk of graft rejection and loss. To assess this question, 209 alcoholic patients transplanted for either alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis or cirrhosis alone between January 1, 1986 and December 31, 1991 were followed, with a mean follow‐up of 4.4 ± 0.6 years. There were 175 episodes of acute cellular rejection (ACR) that occurred in 137 patients, for an overall rejection rate of 83.7% or at a rate of 1.25 episodes/patient with rejection. The rate of ACR was three times as great in those who remained alcohol‐abstinent (2.24 episodes/patient), compared with those who admitted to continued alcohol use (0.75 episodes/patient) (p<0.01). A total of 33 episodes of chronic rejection occurred in 26 patients, for an overall rate of 12.4%. As was the case for ACR, the chronic rejection rate was greater among those who were continuously alcohol‐abstinent, compared with those who intermittently used alcohol after successful LTx.There were no differences in the mean FK 506 or cyclosporin A levels in the groups with and without a rejection episode at the time the rejection episode was documented by liver biopsy. Contrary to generally accepted opinion, these data suggest that continued use of alcohol by liver transplant recipients is associated with a reduction,notan increase, in the rate

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01594.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY