摘要:

The equivalence of paper‐and‐pencil‐administered and computer‐administered versions of the Self‐Administered Alcoholism Screening Test (SAAST) was investigated with alcoholic inpatients and nonalcoholic psychiatric outpatients. When the two formats were administered in counterbalanced order, total score mean differences were nonsignificant. In addition, mean differences on a short‐form version were also nonsignificant. Equivalence was also determined by comparing the two formats in terms of classification agreement (i.e., classification of subjects into alcoholic and nonalcoholic categories). Agreement between the two formats was 95% in both the total score and short‐form versions. Implications of these results as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using computer‐administered alcoholism screening test

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01846.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forty‐five undergraduate students were assigned to either an Alcohol, a Placebo, or a Control group. The alcohol dose was 0.80 g of 100% alcohol/kg body weight. Subjects were informed that they could win a sum of money depending on the performance of a partner. They then supervised the partner over a series of trials on a visual scan test and could influence the partner by either giving an uncomfortable electric shock (aggressive alternative) or a comfortable vibration (nonaggressive alternative) at each incorrect response from the partner. Both alternatives were said to be equally instrumental in reaching the goal of winning the money and both could be varied in intensity on a 10‐point scale and without limits in terms of duration. Aggression was measured as number of aggressive responses chosen, and in terms of intensity and duration. Nonaggression was measured in terms of intensity and duration. Intoxicated subjects did not increase their aggression but all groups chose significantly more nonaggressive responses and did so with higher intensity and duration. Frustration did not significantly affect these types of responding. Results are discussed in terms of methodological considerations and the importance of using realistic experimental paradigms is stressed. Also, theoretical implications are discus

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01847.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of the present investigation was to further study the relationship between ethanol and brain catalase in vivo. Rats were pretreated intraperitoneally (ip) with varying doses of ethanol or saline min prior to administration of cyanamide (0.68 mmol/kg; ip), 4‐hydroxypyrazole (1 mmol/kg; ip) or saline. Rat tissues were perfused in situ under ether anaesthesia. Brain catalase activity was measured using the Clark electrode. Results confirmed inhibition of brain catalase activity by cyanamide and 4‐hydroxypyrazole, Ethanol protected catalase from cyanamide and 4‐hydroxypyrazole inactivation in a dose‐related manner. In a second study, homogenates from perfused brains were incubated in the presence of glucose and glucose oxidase with ethanol or saline and cyanamide or saline. Cyanamide was shown to inhibit the catalase activity in vitro in a dose‐related manner. Ethanol prevented this inhibition of catalase when added to the incubation medium prior to cyanamide. These data suggest a competition between ethanol and inhibitors for the H2O2‐catalase compound. They also confirm the presence and generation of H2O2in the rat brain in vivo, and overall seem to support the notion that centrally formed acetaldehyde via brain catalase may be responsible for some of the psychopharmacological actions

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01848.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ethanol intake was explored in the Harrington derivation of the Maudsley Reactive and Maudsley Non‐Reactive rat strains (MR/Har and MNRA/Har). When 5% and 10% ethanol solutions were presented as the sole source of fluid (1‐bottle test), MR/Har rats, respectively, ingested 15% more, or 9% less, than their baseline water intake, whereas MNRAs ingested 6% less, or 42% less than their baseline intake. However, because MNRA/Har rats drank significantly more water than MR/Har's under ad libitum conditions (MNRA/Har, 46.6 ± 1.83 ml; MR/Har 32.45 ± 1.64 ml/24 hr), males and females of the two strains ingested a similar amount of ethanol in the 1‐bottle test (5% ethanol, 4–7; 10% ethanol, 6–12 g/kg body weight/24 hr). In 2‐bottle free‐choice tests administered after an extended period of forced ethanol consumption, MR/Har male and female rats exhibited a strong ethanol preference (X = 80%) and consumed a larger amount of ethanol (MR/Har, 7–13; MNRA/Har, 6–9 g/kg body weight/24 hr) than MNRA/Har's. Across all conditions, females of both strains ingested a greater relative amount of ethanol than males. The strain difference in ethanol preference was found to be independent of prior exposure to ethanol because it was also found when 2‐bottle free‐choice tests were carried out in naive animals (Experiment 2). The pattern of development of ethanol preference in individual animals was characterized by abrupt onset, after variable periods of exposure to the 2‐bottle choice test, and maintenance of strong ethanol preference thereafter. The extensive behavioral and biological definition of the Maudsley strains is a valuable asset in attempting to elucidate the biobehavioral correla

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study reports on the interactive effects of ethanol and caffeine on growth of rat fetal hepatocytes. Exposure of cultured rat fetal hepatocytes (RFH) to ethanol in concentrations above 1 mg/ml, causes a blockade of EGF‐dependent cell replication along with an overexpression of surface EGF receptors (EGF‐R). However, RFHs exposed for 24 hours to ethanol at a concentration of 1 mg/ml alone had little effect on cell replication. Caffeine, when combined with this concentration of alcohol, progressively impaired RFH growth by up to 100%. Caffeine alone up to 10 μg/ml, on the other hand, caused a progressive increase in RFH replication associated with a 69% enhancement of DNA synthesis. Caffeine concentrations in excess of 50 μg/ml had no effect on replicative capacity. Concomitant caffeine exposure had no effect on the ethanol‐related increase in cell DNA content, yet it caused a further enhancement of the cell protein accrual induced by ethanol alone. Caffeine (10 μg/ml) alone had no effect on EGF‐R expression, while ethanol (2 mg/ml) increased it by almost 200%. Addition of caffeine to ethanol reduced this enhanced EGF binding by 45%. Scatchard analysis indicated that no treatment altered ligand affinity for the receptor, but that the alterations in binding caused by ethanol and the caffeine/ethanol combination reflected changes in binding capacity, in both low and high affinity components. It is concluded that (1) ethanol blocks EGF‐mediated replication accompanied by a reduction in DNA synthesis, (2) caffeine alone at low concentrations has the opposite effect and can actually potentiate the EGF‐mediated mitogenic response, (3) caffeine in combination with ethanol acts synergistically to reduce RFH replication. We suggest that the ethanol‐induced perturbation of the EGF‐R may be due to an altered cAMP kinase that plays a regulatory role i

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01850.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01851.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Red blood cell proton relaxation times T1and T2were measured in samples from chronic alcoholic patients abstinent for varying periods from 1 week to over 6 months. T1and T2were elevated in the early stages of abstinence and declined to the values of controls after 8 weeks. Changes in the water content of the red blood cells and the mean corpuscular volume paralleled these changes but were more closely associated with T2. It is suggested that T1and T2may reflect different aspects in water content and free‐to‐bound ratio of water. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of changes previously observed in the brains of alcoholic patients, and in rats fed a diet supplemented with alcohol for 6 mon

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01852.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The concentration of ethyl esters of fatty acids as well as the activity of the enzyme synthesizing these esters (fatty acid ethyl ester synthase) were determined in adipose tissue of rats ingesting ethanol (9–16 g/kg body weight/day) for different periods of time. After 10 and 17 weeks of ethanol exposure about 300 nmol of ethyl esters of oleic, palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids were found per gram adipose tissue. The ethyl esters disappeared after 1 week of abstinence. Closer analyses, using radioactive ethanol, revealed a half‐life of the esters of less than 24 hr. The bulk of the esters was found in a membrane preparation of isolated adipocytes. Hormone‐sensitive lipase hydrolyzed emulsified ethyl oleate as efficiently as that of trioleoylglycerol, but in mixed ethyl oleate/trioleoyl glycerol particles the hydrolysis of ethyl oleate was slower, suggesting a decreased accessibility. Synthase activity was found in adipose tissue from rats not exposed to ethanol. It doubled after 10 and 17 weeks of ethanol and decreased with a half‐life of at least a week after abstinence.It was concluded that ethyl esters of fatty acids are formed in rat adipose tissue as previously shown in other tissues. They seem to be stored mainly in membranous parts of the adipocytes. Synthase activity is induced by ethanol. The elevated activity has a longer half‐life, and may be useful as an indicator of alco

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01853.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper presents data on the utilization of alcoholism treatment services in three populations of insurance enrollees: enrollees covered by the insurance plan of a large midwestern manufacturing firm, 1981–1987 (N= 1,425); enrollees of the California Health Insurance Plan of the Public Employees Retirement System, 1974–1976 (N= 766); U.S. government civilian employees enrolled with the Aetna Insurance Company, 1980–1983 (N= 1,697). The average age of the treated alcoholics in these three groups ranged from 37 to 51. Between two‐thirds and three‐quarters were male. Inpatient alcoholism treatment services were more frequently used than outpatient, with inpatient admissions averaging between 1.2 and 1.5 per person. For enrollees of the midwestern manufacturing firm, total alcoholism treatment costs averaged $4,665 per person (December 1985 dollars). The influence of insurance plan coverage and other factors on utilization patterns is

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01854.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The gastroprotective properties of GM,‐ganglioside, an indigenous component of epithelial cell membrane, was investigated. The experiments were conducted with groups of rats with and without indomethacin pretreatment. The animals received intragastrically either a dose of GM1as emulsion in 5% gum arabic or vehicle alone, followed by ethanol given at various time intervals up to 3 h after the GM1. The animals were sacrificed 30 min after the ethanol dose and their gastric mucosa subjected to macroscopic and histologic assessment, and physicochemical measurements. In the absence of GM1, ethanol caused extensive gastric hemorrhagic lesions which were significantly reduced by pretreatment with GM1at dose as low as 70 μg/100 g body weight. Removal of sialic acid from GM1led to the loss of gastroprotection. Furthermore, the effect of GM1was not thwarted by indomethacin. The maximal protection was achieved 1 following GM1dose and this protective effect persisted at least 2.5 hr. The results of physicochemical measurements revealed that GM1was capable of preventing the detrimental effect of indomethacin on the adherent mucus gel dimension, and on its content of sulfo‐ and sialomucins, protein, and phospholipids. The effects brought by GM1were also accompanied by a significant (40–60%) increase in mucus gel viscosity, hydrogen ion retardation capacity (35–46%) and hydrophobicity (70–94%). The results indicate that the gastroprotective action of GM1occurs through the enhancement of the physicochemical characteristics of the mucus layer, and does not appear to be mediated by endogenous pros

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb01855.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY