ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05567.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05568.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Alcohol has been observed to alter various aspects of memory function. Some of the most extreme forms of memory impairment experienced by alcoholics are blackouts. There are at present very few data on the biological mechanisms underlying alcohol‐related memory impairment A variety of mechanisms including the cholinergic and catecholaminergic systems have been implicated in learning and memory. More recently, however, the importance of the serotonergic system in memory function has been demonstrated. We investigated whether patients with a history of blackouts had lower plasma levels of the serotonin precursor tryptophan than patients without such a history. Tryptophan values were significantly lower in patients who had experienced blackouts than in patients who had not No significant differences between the two group of patients were observed for other amino adds sharing with tryptophan the same transport carrier into the brain. Drinking history variables did not differentiate among the two patient groups. Our data suggest that a decrease in plasma tryptophan (and concomitant lowered brain serotonin) could increase the vulnerability of certain individuals to manifestations of various aspects of memory impairment mdudrng one of its most extreme forms, the blacko

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05569.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using criteria for the diagnosis of alcoholism established by the National Council of Alcoholism and by scores on the Self‐Administered Alcoholism Screening Test, we compared the prevalence of alcoholism in a group of 99 patients hospitalized for the treatment of psoriasis with that in an age‐ and sex‐matched control group hospitafaed for the treatment of other dermatologic disorders. Alcoholism was diagnosed in 11 psoriatic patients and 3 control patients (0.05

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05570.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Performance on a cognitive rule‐teaming task was studied in detoxified alcohofics having earty/late onset and short‐/long‐tenn drinking histories, and in matched nonalcoholic controls. There were pronounced cognitive deficits in earty onset and long‐term alcoholics. Impairment was severest in the earty onset group, even though they were on the average 15 years younger than the tote onset group. Earty onset alcoholics were reiativety more impaired on both the abstract and the verbal Shipley measures. This group also manifested a relative deficit in ability to show positive transfer across problems. Chronicity of alcoholism also interfered with acquisition of an abstract relationship between concrete stimulus attributes. Age negatively influenced ability to perform abstractions, but not commonly tested verbal skills. The findings suggest that an earty onset of alcoholism, regardless of duration of problem drinking, is particularly predictive of cognitive im

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05571.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two fractions which inhibit benzodiazepine receptor binding were isolated from both rat and human urine. The method used involved alkaline methanorysis followed by chloroform extraction and silicic acid chromatography. This method precludes artrfactual formation of esters of β‐carboline carboxylic acid (BCC) during the extraction procedure. One of the fractions (fraction E) behaved similarly to methyl ester of BCC on thin‐layer chromatography and also had a similar fluorescent spectra. Administration of ethanol to male Sprague‐Dawley rats decreased the concentration and the total excretion of both inhibitory fractions in a dose‐dependent manner. In a clinical study on males with different family histories of alcoholism, ethanol decreased excretion of fraction E. The excretion was not affected by placebo, and it was similar in family history‐positive and family history‐negative subjects. These results suggest that ethanol affects the ‐γ‐aminobutyric acid‐benzodiazepine receptor complex by changing release, metabolism, and/or excretion of an endogenous be

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05572.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The classical conditioning model of drug tolerance makes a strong prediction of an antagonistic placebo response, or a placebo response that is opposite in direction to the effect of alcohol. In an initial experiment, 85 normal social drinkers consumed near beer (0% alcohol) while autonomic measures were recorded continuously. Subjects who reported mild intoxication (n= 11) showed a significant decrease in heart rate from predrinking baseline compared to subjects who did not report intoxication (n= 57). In a replication study with a suitable control group, subjects who received near beerandreported mild intoxication (n= 8) showed a significant heart rate and electrodermal response opposite in direction to the autonomic effects of alcohol compared to a control group that received a soft drink (n= 10). The antagonist placebo response challenges current conceptualizations of placebo responding, and has implications for classical conditioning theories of alcoholism.

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05573.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although the fetuses of rats given alcohol prior to and during gestation are small, the placentas are large compared to those of untreated rats. It has been suggested that placental enlargement may be a consequence of a reduction in progesterone production. To investigate this, rats were given 20% ethanol in water prior to pregnancy and 30% ethanol in water throughout gestation, with rat chow ad libitum (alcohol group) or water with an equicaloric diet in which com starch was substituted for alcohol (pair‐fed group), or rat chow and water ad libitum (ad libitum control group). Serum progesterone and testosterone were measured on day 17 of gestation and plasma and pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) on day 21 of gestation. Progesterone was significantly reduced in the alcohol but not the pair‐fed group. Testosterone levels were not different among the three groups. Plasma LH was significantly reduced in both the alcohol and the pair‐fed groups, but plasma FSH and pituitary LH and FSH did not differ among the three groups. These data are consistent with a possible role for progesterone in the placental enlargement seen in alcohol

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05574.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05575.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Microsomes isolated from rats treated with either pyrazole or 4 methylpyrazoie, potent inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase, cata lyzed the oxidation of ethanol and 2‐butanoJ at rates 2–3‐fold highe than saline controls. Time course experiments and dose‐response experiments indicated that an increase in the microsomal oxidatioi of alcohols could be observed 24 hr after a single treatment with 200 mg/kg body weight of either pyrazole or 4‐methylpyrazole, and after 2 or 3 days of treatment with 50 mg/kg of either of these compounds. The pyrazole treatment did not change the activity of NADPH‐cytochrome P‐450 reductase, the content of cytochrome P‐450, or the oxidation of aminopyrine. Hence, microsomal oxidatior of alcohols was increased by the pyrazole treatment whether results were expressed “per mg of protein” or “per nmol of P‐450.” Microsomes from the pyrazole‐treated rats displayed an increase in binding spectrum with ethanol as the substrate as compared to controls as well as type 2 binding spectrum with dimethyl sulfoxide and 2‐butanol. These results suggest the possibility that pyrazole ma) induce an alcohol‐preferring P‐450 isozyme. By contrast, the 4‐methylpyrazoie treatment, besides increasing the oxidation of alcohols, also increased the oxidation of aminopyrine and the content of cytochrome P‐450. The increase in the oxidation of alcohols arte aminopyrine was primarily due to the increase in content of P‐45C produced by the 4‐methylpyrazole treatment Binding spectra wrtti dimethyl sulfoxide and 2‐butanol were also observed after 4‐methylpyrazole treatment; however, the 2‐butanol‐binding spectrum was a modified type I spectrum, not type 2. Taken as a whole, these results indicate that pyrazole and 4‐methylpyrazole treatment can affect the microsomal mixed function oxidase system and the oxidation of alcohols by microsomes, and that there are differences in

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1985.tb05576.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1985

数据来源: WILEY