ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00829.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of alcohol and salience of social cues (personality traits) on allocation of attention in the intoxicated male social drinker. It was expected that inebriated subjects would preferentially attend to high threat relative to low threat information contingent on the information's personal relevance. Seventy‐six participants received either alcohol or a placebo, or were in a control condition, and were given the opportunity to attend to personally salient or nonsalient positive, negative, and neutral information. Intoxicated participants viewed negative traits longer than did nonintoxicated subjects and attended to these traits longer in the salient than in the nonsalient condition. Findings are compared to the attention allocation model, and their implications for alcohol‐mediated cognitive processes are discus

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00830.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Sisters of alcoholics from high‐density multigenerational families were assessed to determine personality characteristics. Spousal similarity was evaluated in proband/spouse pairs and in spouse pairs from the parental generation, allowing for comparisons of selection versus contagion as explanations for this similarity.Sisters were found to differ from control women with respect to Alienation and Social Closeness from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, and Scale 6 (Paranoia) from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Only spouses from the parental generation were similar on Alienation, suggesting that exposure over time (contagion) leads to greater similarity in parents from High‐Risk families. Modest correlations in spouse pairs from both generations suggest that assortative mating for Social Closeness occurs among the parents of these individuals from High‐Risk families, and further suggest that a diminished level of Social Closeness for sisters of alcoholics may be mediated in part by additive genetic variance. It is concluded that assortative mating for particular traits may contribute to increased risk for alcoholism. Also, failure to mate assortatively for other traits (e.g., Traditionalism, Harm Avoidance) may also contribute to increased rates in High‐Risk f

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00831.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male social drinkers received doses of either 0.75 or 1.0 g/kg body weight of alcohol over 5 consecutive days. The beverage was divided into three equal drinks, and subjects performed an eye‐hand coordination motor task after each drink. The breath alcohol concentration (BAC) was assessed at each performance measurement period. Performance was also assessed when the BAC level on the descending limb of the BAC curve was similar to each of the three BAC measurements on the ascending curve. Each group developed chronic tolerance (comparing the daily postalcohol performance with the daily prealcohol performance) by the 4th day of exposure. The development of a degree of acute tolerance (assessed by comparing the performance on the ascending and descending limbs of the BAC curve) was not observed consistently in the 1.0 g/kg dose group, but was seen in more than half of the subjects in the 0.75 g/kg dose group by the 4th and 5th day of exposur

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00832.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Building on a model used in the health services literature, this article examines differences among problem drinkers in treatment and in the general population to understand treatment utilization further. Discriminant function analysis showed significant differences between treated and untreated groups for men and women. For women, lifetime general treatment history, ethnicity, and employment were major contributors to the model; for men, the most important variables were social consequences, treatment history, and employment. For women, only the domain of individual predisposing variables provided a unique contribution to the model (p<0.01). For men, the individual predisposing (p<0.001), need (p<0.001), and enabling (p<0.01) domains did so. Findings indicate important differences in the factors that influence treatment entry for women and men.

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00833.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00834.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Alcohol withdrawal delirium (AWD) requires treatment with an adequate sedative, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic agent next to general intensive care measures, Optimal medication should have a rapid onset of action and the possibility of parenteral application. A specific antagonist should be available. Flunitrazepam is a benzodiazepine that fulfills all these criteria.Twenty five patients suffering from AWD (mean age 45 years) took part in an open trial and underwent treatment with infusions of flunitrazepam (concentration: 8 mg/250 ml NaCl; speed, 250 ml/hr). Psychopathological, vegetative, and vital parameters were assessed every hour.All patients survived. They were treated with a mean total dose (SD) of 83.9 (45.4) mg of flunitrazepam (1.3 mg/kg body weight), which induced sedation 13.2 (5.3) min after the initiation of intravenous treatment. The mean duration of AWD (85.1 ± 39.4 hr) corresponded to other studies, whereas the frequency of preexisting and concomitant diseases was higher (92%) in our patients. A patient who suffered from bronchitis and had a nasopharyngeal tamponade showed severe respiratory depression after having received 4 mg of flunitrazepam. This complication remitted immediately when 0.5 mg of flumazenil was given intravenously. No epileptic manifestation was observed during the treatment or after discontinuation of flunitrarepam. Vegetative and psychopathological symptoms (tremor, sweating, hallucinations, confusion, and restlessness) remitted rapidly.Our data suggest that intravenous flunitrazepam can be an efficacious and safe alternative to traditional treatment strategies of AWD

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00835.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Socially desirable responding is the reluctance to admit unpopular beliefs or behavior in order to avoid making a negative impression. It poses a problem for researchers who rely on self‐report of heavy drinking and drug use. The Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale (SDS), which measures socially desirable responding, was administered to 1933 respondents in a general population survey. The relationships between SDS and various self‐report measures were examined. SDS was not correlated with gender or race; it increased with greater age and decreased with higher socioeconomic status. With age and socioeconomic status controlled, SDS had a moderate negative relationship with alcohol and drug use, and a strong negative relationship with variables reflecting the expression of anger, Correlations between drinking/drug use and such variables as age, marital conflict, and stressful life events were not substantially changed by controlling for SDS. It was concluded that social desirability response bias probably results in underestimates of rates of heavy drinking and drug use, but does not compromise the study of predictors of heavy drinking or dru

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00836.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The association of alcohol consumption and injury is well documented in the literature. It has also been suggested that alcohol consumption is associated with risk‐taking behaviors. No studies have reported the association of alcohol consumption and risk‐taking behaviors with injury across all injury types, however. Data were collected (1990) from a national probability household sample (n= 2058; weightedn= 1150) on: injuries that required treatment during the last year; quantity and frequency (Q‐F) of drinking; and behaviors associated with risk perception, risk‐taking/impulsivity, and sensation seeking. The injured (12% of the sample) were more likely to be male, younger, and to report moderate and heavy drinking and more frequent drunkenness compared with those with no injuries. They were also less likely to score high on risk perception and more likely to score high on risk‐taking/impulsivity and sensation seeking than those with no injuries. However, using logistic regression analysis to predict a treated injury during the last year, only the interaction term of gender by Q‐F was significant, with Q‐F a significant predictor of injury among males but not

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00837.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Forty‐three adolescents qualifying for a DSM‐Ill‐R diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence were classified according to the internalizing‐externalizing behavior dimension. Two clusters were identified. The majority of subjects clustered into a group characterized by behavioral dyscontrol and hypophoria (history of suicide attempts) (cluster 2), whereas the other group was primarily featured by negative affect (cluster 1). Cluster 2 subjects demonstrated more severe alcohol and drug use‐related problems, behavioral disturbances, and general psychopathology; lower prevalence of depressive disorders; and less severe anxiety disorders. These results, implicating two variants of adolescent alcohol abuse/dependence, suggest the need to tailor differential treatments to adolescents with alcohol abuse/dependence based on personality characteristics and clinical pre

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb00838.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY