ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00001.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00002.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00003.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00004.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

To study the effect of controlled heavy drinking of 60 g ethanol/day for 3 weeks on carbohydrate‐deficient transferrin (CDT), a commercial double antibody kit (CDTect™) was used. By the end of the third drinking week, a statistically significant increase in the mean CDT level was observed. When compared to AST and γ‐glutamyltransferase, CDT was a more informative marker. However, only in 2 of the 10 volunteers did CDT exceed the upper normal level (20 units/liter) recommended by the manufacturer. This indicates that the sensitivity of CDT to detect heavy drinking is lower than that previously reported. The higher accuracy has in general been obtained in studies comparing healthy controls with a low alcohol consumption to alcoholics with an alcohol consumption higher than that used in the present experiment. Our results suggest that it remains to be established whether CDT, although better than AST and γ‐glutamyltransferase, will provide a clinically useful tool in identifying heavy drinkers in populations covering a wide range of alcohol co

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00005.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ability for chemical users to give an accurate self‐report of (ubrbnce use vs. abstinence has been questioned. This study hatlgated its concurrent validity, against collateral ratings. The results indicated that validity of reports of chemical use must be evaluated in the context of the validity of other types of information. Chemical use items were corroborated about as often as such nonchemical use items as reports of emergency room visits, arrests, md hospitalizations, thus arguing against the presence of a specific denlal syndrome or overarching tendency toward self‐misrepresenletion. Relative concurrent validities seemed more a function of such factors as item salience and specificity. No consistent trend in patient over‐or underreporting of chemical use was found. The choice of concurrent validation statistic is important and can influence interpretation of results. Current standards such as percentage agreement and K were seen as flawed; comparisons of results based on these two measures, as well as Yule's Y led to the conclusion that Yule's Y is the statistic of c

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00006.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

We have analyzed the interrelationships between habitual alcohol consumption, peak blood alcohol concentration after a standard dose, and rate of alcohol metabolism in a group of 199 male and 213 female twins. Both peak concentration and rate of metabolism are strongly associated with alcohol consumption levels, even in the range of 0‐10 g of alcohol/day. The peak concentration and rate of metabolism were strongly correlated in both men and women; this is not due to their common dependence on alcohol intake nor to experimental error. These results show that the threshold for effects of habitual consumption on alcohol pharmacokinetics is much lower than previously suspected, and that there are factors that reduce preabsorptive or first‐pass metabolism but increase postabsorptive metabol

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00007.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Lifetime prevalence of selected psychiatric disorders was assessed in 24 independent pairs of adult siblings (brother‐sister) with an alcoholic mother, using the Diagnostic interview Schedule. Adult females were as likely as adult males to have had one or more lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. Lifetime prevalence of affective disorders was the same in male and female siblings. Although not statistically significant, compared with their sister, men were 3 times more likely to have had a diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence, and 3.5 times more likely to have had a diagnosis of general anxiety disorder. When compared with their brother, women were 1.66 times more likely to have had a diagnosis of drug abuse/dependence, 3 times more likely to have had a diagnosis of panic disorder, and 6 times more likely to have been diagnosed with phobia; however, these differences were not significan

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00008.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Women (1529) were interviewed in midpregnancy, and a cohort of their children has been examined at various ages. The two standardized tests presented herein are part of a large battery of tests administered when the children were 14 years old. “Word Attack” (n=462) measures phonological processing on a task involving the reading of pseudowords in nontimed performance. “Arithmetic” (n=191) measures auditorily processed mental computations in timed performance. Scores on both tests were associated with prenatal alcohol exposure in a dose‐dependent fashion. These effects were robust when considered in relation to a wide variety of potentially confounding variables, such as prenatal exposure to tobacco and other drugs, sociodemographic characteristics, and traumatic postnatal events. A variety of alcohol scores were related to these two performance measures, but those involving a massing of drinks on a given occasion had the strongest association. The higher the average number of drinks/occasion, the poorer the offspring performance on tasks thought to underlie numerical problem solving and reading proficiency. Earlier reports of prenatal, alcohol‐related neurobehavioral deficits in childhood have now been extended into

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00009.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Alcoholism is known to be greatly underdiagnosed in death certificates, a fact that biases in estimates of alcohol‐related mortality. An autopsy series of 1658 cases (920 with natural cause of death and 738 nonnatural) was reviewed to evaluate the extent of this bias, and also to see how well different sources of information served as indicators of alcoholism when alcohol‐related disease diagnosed at autopsy was considered as a gold standard. A stepwise logistic regression model adjusted by age and sex showed police reports of individual's alcohol usage and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of>2.9‰ at autopsy to be the two most significant predictors of chronic alcohol abuse (p2.9‰), due to its high specifity, as particularly suggestive of chronic heavy drinking. However, it is wise to use these parameters only as an aid in decision‐making, not as sole indicators of alcoholism. Deaths associated with chronic heavy drinking were frequent, 50.5% of the total series (male 56.4%, female 37.1%). For all but one age‐group (male 45‐64 years), however, death certificates mentioned alcoholrelated diseases in less than half of these cases. Especially evident underdiagnosis was found for female and males 65 years and older. These results indicate that alcoholism is frequent in such a highly selected population as a series of forensic autopsies and suggest that estimates of prevalence of alcoholism based only on review of death certificates are to be considered with great caution. It is also suggested that alcoholism may have a role in more female deaths than is gene

ISSN:0145-6008    

DOI:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb00010.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY