摘要:

To what extent has the concept of pharmaceutical care been taken up outside the United States?

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00742.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Health service purchasers are looking for value for money from community pharmacists

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00743.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ability to target a drug specifically to its site of action has long been a goal in therapeuties. Liposomes (phospholipid vesicles) have been investigated as a means of achieving such selectivity and of prolonging the duration of drug activity. With reference to current and future clinical applications, this article outlines why liposomes are appropriate vehicles for drug delivery and describes the possible further development of liposome‐based pharmaceutical formulation

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00744.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to analyse how a sample of Finnish pharmacists perceived a number of video‐taped customers requesting over‐the‐counter medicines. The conceptual basis of the study was cognitive psychology.Eleven female pharmacists took part in the study. In a questionnaire, each pharmacist was asked how she perceived each customer and to say what information she would have given the customer if time was available in the pharmacy. This was followed by a set of questions to which the pharmacist responded by using the ordinal scales provided.The data were analysed by a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The reaction to a specific situation was found to vary considerably among the pharmacists and was influenced by the cognitive structures of the pharmacist, the perceived personal qualities of the customer and the situation. The pharmacists indicated that they would give health information to complement information about the OTC preparation if time was available. Customers who were presumed to be independent would be given more information about side effects and alternative preparations than other cust

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00745.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nineteen hospital pharmacies in Britain participated in a study of dispensing errors. All dispensing errors (errors detected outside the department) and a sample of dispensing incidents (errors detected as part of the checking process) were recorded using a standard data collection form over a period of six months. One hundred and seventy‐eight errors and 1,500 incidents were analysed. The overall error rate was 18.1/100,000 dispensed items (range 2.9–49.1/100,000). The mean error rate was 11.5/100,000 items in hospitals where all dispensing is checked and 35/100,000 items in hospitals where only items dispensed by non‐pharmacists are checked. There were also differences in type between errors and incidents −31.7 per cent of incidents involved incorrect directions on the label compared with 17.4 per cent of errors; 34.2 per cent of incidents involved the wrong drug or drug strength being dispensed compared with 45.5 per cent of errors. One hundred and forty‐five different drugs were involved in the 178 errors, with three drugs being involved in six errors each (flucloxacillin, glyceryl trinitrate and frusemide). The results of this study can contribute to the preparation of risk management strategies for d

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00746.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study was carried out to assess the value and feasibility of using a short questionnaire to evaluate overall health status and common symptoms in cancer patients attending an outpatient clinic.A cancer specific questionnaire (CSQ) was developed to assess the impact of cancer on overall health, appetite, energy, mood and pain. Patient ratings were compared with the doctor rating made at the same time. A pilot study was carried out in 20 patients to identify any practical problems associated with administration of the CSQ. Thirty patients deemed to be clinically stable were asked to complete the CSQ on two separate occasions to assess its reliability. Three hundred patients were recruited to the main study.In the pilot study, the CSQ was found to be comprehensible and practical to use. Subjects required between two and five minutes to complete the CSQ. No statistically significant difference in any of the categories of the CSQ (chi‐squared test,P>0.05) was found in the 30 patients who completed the CSQ on two occasions.In the main study, the majority (72 per cent) of patients considered their overall health status as fair to good. Appetite was rated as normal in 63 per cent of patients. Only 22 per cent of patients considered their energy status as normal. Fifty‐two per cent of the patients rated their mood as normal. Fifty‐seven per cent of patients had some degree of pain. There was no statistically significant difference (ehi‐squared,P>0.05) between doctor and patient ratings made on the same occasion in any category. Assessments matched closely in cases where there was no impairment in the category assessed. However, when there was some impairment doctor and patient agreement fell to less than 50 per cent.The data obtained were useful in the identification of problems but did not provide sophisticated qualitative information regarding the nature of the symptoms. The information obtained from the patient could provide a focus for further discussion during the medical consu

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00747.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Britain prescriptions are written on proforma charts kept by the patient's bed. Pharmacists generally visit wards daily to initiate supply of drugs and monitor prescription charts. We wished to compare this service across all acute hospitals in a British regional health authority.Pharmacists (n=210) at 31 hospitals monitored 10,337 beds in 489 wards. The median beds/pharmacist ratio was 57 (first quartile 33, third quartile 68). The median time to check 100 prescription charts was 2 hours 49 minutes (first quartile 2 hours 21 minutes, third quartile 3 hours 27 minutes) and related to the ward specialty (Spearman's rs=0.78,P=0.013). Analysis of the 19 district general hospitals showed a positive correlation between time to monitor 100 beds and prescription monitoring incidents (PMIs)/100 beds/week (P=0.002) and a negative correlation between beds/pharmacist and PMIs/100 beds/week (P=0.003). Increasing a ward pharmacist's workload may lead to a decrease in their monitoring of appropriate prescribing. It is suggested that these measures may have some value as indicators of workload, clinical effectiveness and efficiency.

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00748.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A questionnaire was drawn up to ascertain junior doctors' satisfaction with the ward pharmacy service in the Hammersmith and Queen Charlotte's special health authority, London. The questionnaire was designed for face to face interviews lasting not more than 10 minutes. The interviews were taped and the interviewer was not known to the doctors. The survey took place in January, 1992. Forty three out of 135 senior house officers, registrars and senior registrars employed by the special health authority were randomly selected for interview and 26 (60 per cent) of these were seen. Eighty five per cent of doctors thought the service was better than average and most doctors were satisfied with aspects of the service such as prescription monitoring, advice received from and friendliness of ward pharmacists. Only one doctor rated the service as worse than that in other hospitals in which he had worked. Fifteen doctors suggested increased liaison or contact between ward pharmacists and doctors would make the service better. A number of issues have been raised concerning the service which have been addressed and we intend to repeat the survey in the future.

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00749.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The addition of droperidol 5mg to the first 50ml of morphine 1mg/ml was compared with morphine alone in 60 patients receiving postoperative analgesia via a patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) system. All patients underwent an abdominal hysterectomy and had a standard anaesthetic which included 2.5mg of droperidol. They were followed up daily for three days postoperatively. The PCA with additional droperidol group received half the number of supplementary antiemetic doses (P<0.05). There was no difference in the incidence of emetic sequelae or reported side effects. Prophylactic droperidol with PCA morphine reduces the need for further intramuscular antiemetic treatmen

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00750.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

There has recently been a clinical demand for cefuroxime formulated as an eyedrop. Cefuroxime exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against most common ocular infections and is considered to be less toxic to the compromised epithelium than some other topical antibiotics. A formulation in an artificial tear solution would be expected to enhance drug penetration by prolonging pre‐corneal drug retention, and the presence of a preservative might enable a suitable formulation to be given a shelf life of more than 24 hours.This paper reports studies on the stability of cefuroxime 50mg/ml (5 per cent) in artificial tear solutions, sodium chloride eye‐drops and in solutions of benzalkonium chloride, hypromellose or water for injections. Cefuroxime was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. The method had a coefficient of variation of 0.23 per cent at the concentration investigated and recovery of added cefuroxime was 100 per cent. The preparation of cefuroxime in artificial tear solutions which were preservative free or contained benzalkonium chloride less than 0.002 per cent appeared to be physically stable. Preparation of cefuroxime in Sno Tears also produced a stable solution. This preparation can be given a shelf life of 28 days at 4C, 24 hours at 25C and 14 days if stored in a domestic refrigerator, enabling a full course of treatment to be given on a single visit to the pharm

ISSN:0961-7671    

DOI:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1993.tb00751.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY