摘要:

Heparin injection B.P., containing 0·5% phenol as preservative, disodium ethylenediamine tetra‐acetate (EDTA), trisodium citrate (TSC) and ammonium potassium oxalate (APO) were compared as anticoagulants for routine haematological investigations inCyprinus carpioandSarotherodon mossambicus. The acidic nature and haemolytic effects of EDTA and APO render them unsuitable for use with fish blood. TSC was required in higher concentrations (than heparin) for effective anticoagulation and this was undesirable for the determination of blood pH and pCO2 and certain other parameters. Several important interspecies differences in the reactions towards the anticoagulants are also reported. In general, heparin proved to be the anticoagulant of choice, although unsuitable for some assa

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02768.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abnormalities were detected in the testes of maturing male Atlantic salmon parr from one hatchery. They consisted of a focal necrosis of germ tissue at the time of rapid cell division when normal germ cells were reaching the spermatid stage of development. Some males taken from sea water which had matured previously in fresh water, had fibrous capsules in their testes as remnants of the freshwater lesion but there were no new abnormalities developing in the gonads. The same stock of fish showed other abnormalities and the authors speculate on a possible connection between these changes and the gonad lesion.

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02769.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The metazoan parasite fauna of two species of freshwater fishesAplocheilus panchaxandA. melastigmacollected from a stream at Waltair is compared; 17 parasite species were found.Aplocheilus panchaxserved as a host to 13 parasite species andA. melastigmato 10 parasite species. Of the 17 parasites collected, 12 were larval helminths to which the fishes act as intermediate and paratenic hosts. This has been attributed to the interaction between terrestrial birds, mammals and fishes in determining the parasite fauna in the biocoenosis. The parasite fauna of these fishes is divided into typical and less typical according to their frequencies. Among less typical there are peripheral division parasites which are abundant in other fishes in the stream. Only six parasite species occurred in bothA. panchaxandA. melastigmaand both fish shared most of their parasite fauna with other fishes. Differences in the parasite fauna of these fishes are attributed to the morphological, behavioural or ecological features of these fishes.

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02770.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The egg ofHippoglossoides platessoides limandoidesswells when released into sea water. The swelling takes place entirely outside the ovoplasm and creates a large perivitelline space which can make up 85% of the total egg volume. Swelling occurs in both unfertilized and fertilized eggs although a small proportion of unfertilized eggs, believed not to have been activated, do not swell. Swelling is dependent upon the breakdown of cortical alveoli, together with an unusually soft and elastic chorion. The cortical alveoli, present in greater numbers than is usual in teleost eggs, release colloidal material when they break down on egg activation; adsorption of water by this material is responsible for the egg volume increase.

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02771.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Rainbow trout, immunized by the immersion method againstVibrio anguillarum, were used as donors of plasma and cells for transfer to unimmunized trout. Recipients were then challenged with a 20 min exposure to a virulentVibrio anguillarumsuspension, and the mortality was compared to that of trout receiving plasma and cells from unimmunized donors. Immunity was successfully conferred by plasma taken from immune donors 16 days post‐immunization (PI), and by pronephros and spleen cells from Day 20 and 21 PI donors. Plasma was most effective in transferring vibriosis protection, followed by pronephros cells. Splenocytes gave variable results, while trials with thymus cells were negative in all case

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02772.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Laboratory studies on the thrce‐spined stickleback provided predictive equations for the relationships between food consumption, faecal production and growth, and between respiration rate and body weight. These equations were used to estimate the energy income and expenditure at monthly intervals during the annual reproductive cycle of females of mean length from two populations. In winter only a small percentage of the energy income was invested in ovarian or somatic growth, and the latter was negative in some cases. Routine respiration and faecal losses accounted for a high proportion of the energy income. In spring a higher proportion of the energy income was partitioned into somatic and ovarian growth while routine respiration accounted for a smaller proportion of the energy incom

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02773.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A series of experiments were carried out to construct an energy budget for juvenile thick lipped mullet,Crenimugil labrosusRisso. A partial factorial experimental design was used to examine the effects of temperature, fish size and meal size on growth. The maximum ration that the fish were able to ingest completely per day was found to be 0·8, 1·4 and 2·3% wet body weight(b.w.)at 13,18 and 23°C, respectively. Ingested maintenance requirements (M.R.) were estimated to be 137, 205 and 288 cal fish‐1day‐1at 13, 18 and 23°C, respectively. At 18deg; C, M.R. varied as 25W1.04cal day‐1, whereW= fish weight (g). Growth rate increased with increasing temperature. Maximal conversion efficiency was 21–24% and was achieved closer to the maximum ingested ration with increasing temperature.The relationship between respiration rate andWat 18deg; C for 3‐20 g fish is described by: respiration rate (ml O2h‐1) = 0·128W0.976The energy cost of apparent specific dynamic action at 18deg; C was found to vary between 5·1% and 23·6% of the calorific value of the ingested meal (1% wetb.w.), mean (± S.E.)=10·2 ± 2·0%.Post mortem analyses of groups of fish fed 0·2, 0·8 and 1·5% wetb.w.meals showed a significant increase in total lipid and a significant decrease in water content with increasing ratio size. A negative correlation was found between body water content and total lipid (and calories).The mean assimilation efficiency (±s.e.)for 5–10 g mullet at 18deg; C was 73·9 ± 3·6%.The observations reported in this study were brought together to construct an energy budget for juvenileC. labrosuswhich was found to give a reliable prediction (within 10%) of energy demand and growth under the prevailing experimental conditions. Both gross (K1) and net (K2) growth efficiencies, based on energy values, increased with increasing ratio size up to satiation and were independent of temperature. The maximum values ofK1andK2observed were 0·33 and 0·46, respectively. The third order efficiency (K3) appeared to be independent of temperature and ration size; mean v

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02774.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Methods for analysing fish stomach contents are listed and critically assessed with a view to their suitability for determining dietary importance—this term is defined. Difficulties in the application of these methods are discussed and, where appropriate, alternative approaches proposed. Modifications which have practical value are also considered. The necessity of linking measurements of dietary importance to stomach capacity is emphasized and the effects of differential digestion upon interpretation of stomach contents outlined. The best measure of dietary importance is proposed as one where both the amount and bulk of a food category are recorde

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02775.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Blood counts from more than 1000 young‐of‐the‐year rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri(Richardson), were examined to determine if static exposure to malachite green at 1·35,13·5, or 21·0 mg/1 for 25–30 min or 42·0 or 72·0 mg/1 for 5 min caused chronic leucopaenia. The major changes in fish exposed for 25–30 min came during the first 24 h. After an initial lag of 3·4 h, total leucocyte‐thrombocyte counts in both treated and control fish rapidly declined. Recovery was essentially complete 1·4 days after exposure, and no leucopaenia was noted after 14 or 28 days. Thrombocytosis developed during the first 24 h in fish exposed to the higher concentrations. Lymphopaenia and neutrophilia also developed, but abated after the 4th post‐treatment day. Leucocyte numbers in control and exposed groups were virtually the same by the 14th day. The total leucocyte‐thrombocyte counts in fish exposed for 5 min declined after 24 h, but counts were not as depressed as those in fish exposed for 30 min.Because leucocyte changes similar to those in exposed fish were evident in the controls in both experiments, we believe that the leucocyte changes in rainbow trout exposed to malachite green were a result of a nonspecific vertebrate stress syndrome, rather than of specific leucocytotoxic e

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02776.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Before and after application of severe, debilitating stress, automated chemical analysis was applied to the skin mucus and the serum of four subsistence fish species:Chanos chanos, Mugil cephalus, Sarotherodon macrochirandS. mossambicus. Certain tests were found to reflect the stress effects. Future use of these tests may be on an individual, less expensive basis. Greater use of mucus for analysis is suggested because it is more accessible and less traumatically obtained than blood.

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02777.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY