摘要:

Immune hypersensitivity reactions, whereby secondary exposure to antigen elicits a heightened, accelerated immune response of sufficient intensity to cause tissue damage, are characteristic of well‐developed immune systems. Four (or five) types of hypersensitivity are usually recognized in Mammalia. In fishes, several hypersensitivity reactions have been recorded, particularly in Teleostei, but their mechanisms may sometimes indicate analogies rather than strict homologies with mammalian hypersensitivities. Type I anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions have been described frequently in fishes, but the involvement of antigen as an initiating factor is problematical, as are the roles of homocytotropic antibody (if any), the vasoactive amine and other humoral factors implicated, and types of leucocyte. It is often difficult to distinguish between ‘classical’ anaphylactic hypersensitivity reactions and non‐specific inflammatory responses to invasive insults. The presence of a viable complement system in fishes (including the faculty to activate both the classical and the alternative complement pathways) together with NK cell‐mediated cytotoxicity and opsonizing antibody suggest that the feasibility of Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity reactions can be entertained. Type III complex‐mediated hypersensitivity has not been described as such, although ‘neutrophil’ presence in inflammatory reactions suggests elements in fishes similar to an Arthus reaction. There are few reports of a piscine Type IV cell‐mediated, delayed hypersensitivity reaction; the existence of Type V stimulatory hypersensitivity has not yet been described. Tissue‐damaging immune hypersensitivity phenomena are associated with immunological sophistication, the ‘cost’ of effective immunity. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in Mammalia are linked with expression of class II region genes of the MHC. In Teleostei, the existence of immune hypersensitivities might not be unexpected and would be concomitant with other features suggesting an advanced immune system, perhaps associated with the independent evolution or uncovering in these

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05285.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Brown trout serum contains a natural, spontaneous, antibody‐independent lytic activity and a haemolysin antibody complement‐mediated lytic activity against unsensitized and trout antibody‐sensitized sheep erythrocytes, respectively. The use of various activators and inactivators of the mammalian complement system demonstrated that trout serum possesses complement or complement‐like components similar in activity to those present in the classical and alternative pathways found in mammals. A single injection of trout with sheep erythrocytes stimulated the production of antibody‐secreting cells in lymphoid organs and increased the levels of natural haemolysins. A second injection of sheep erythrocytes further raised the haemolysin values and antibody‐secreting cell counts. Serum complement from homologous or closely related fish species was more effective for use in the haemolysin and antibody‐secreting cell assays than that from heterologous sources, except guinea pig. Based on physico‐chemical properties, gel filtration and immunoelectrophoretic studies, natural and induced anti‐sheep erythrocyte haemolysins were found to be similar molecules and are possibly high molecular weig

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05286.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Exposure of rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri, to the carcinogenic mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1, resulted in a loss of B cell memory, but produced no change in the primary B cell antibody response. This effect was demonstrated bothin vivo, in the generation of serum antibodies, andin vitro, in the generation of antibody‐producing cell

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05287.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Plasma insulin concentration was measured by homologous radioimmunoassay in male and female pink salmon.Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, during spawning migration in the Fraser and Thompson Rivers, British Columbia. Although the fish ceased feeding prior to entering fresh water, plasma levels of insulin remained stable (males) or even elevated (females) during the final stages of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, decreasing thereafter. Mean concentrations ranged from 0–69 to 1.24 ng ml−1in males and from 0.33 to 0.88 ng ml−1in females. At all stages in the anadromous migration where a significant difference in plasma insulin levels between the sexes was observed, males had higher concentrations than fe

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05210.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The ontogenesis of gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) was investigated using histological procedures. Samples were taken at various time intervals to include larval, first‐feeding and juvenile stages. Whole fish and tissue samples were embedded in either paraffin wax or metha‐crylate resin and sections stained with Giemsa, periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS), methyl green pyronin (MGP) and methylene blue. GALT was first observed as individual lymphocyte‐like and macrophage‐like cells in the lamina propria, and in later stages plasma cells and granulocytes were identified. Leucocytes began to infiltrate the epithelium just prior to first feeding and then rapidly once feeding had began. By day 50, GALT was equal to that observed in th

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05288.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The gastrointestinal tracts of adult and juvenile Dover sole,Solea solea(L.), were examined using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SEM showed little differentiation of the internal morphology of the gastrointestinal tract in adult fish, with longitudinally arranged mucosal folds present in all gut regions. Mucosal folds had a similar arrangement to that in the goldfish. Goblet cells were identified in the mucosal epithelium in all regions of the gut while microscopic ducts/pores of possible pancreatic origin were observed in the foregut region. SEM of juvenile gut samples showed a similar arrangement of longitudinal mucosal folds to that found in the adult fish. There was no visible evidence of goblet cells or secretory ducts/pores in any region of the juvenile gastrointestinal tract.In TEM it was observed that apical microvilli were a feature of epithelial cells from all regions of the gastrointestinal tract in adult and juvenile Dover sole. Cells from the distal regions of the adult and juvenile gut showed invaginations and vacuolation of the apical cytoplasm. A high degree of vacuolation in cells from the juvenile hindgut‐rectum indicated the possible occurrence of intracellular digestion of absorbed nutrients in this gut regio

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05211.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Gynogenetic offspring of rainbow trout were produced by means of UV‐irradiation of the sperm from a normal male. In order to indicate the destruction of the chromosomes of the sperms, eggs of albinos were used. The gynogenetic offspring showed no pigmentation while normal progeny showed pigmentatio

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05289.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Histocompatibility analyses in goldfish were performed using the tetraploid goldfish‐crucian carp hybrid and the first generation of gynogenetic diploid (GD1) goldfish. Tetraploids were obtained by crossing clonal triploid crucian carp with goldfish. GD1goldfish were produced by the suppression of the second meiotic division. Tetraploid scale grafts on triploid clone members evoked an acute rejection in 4–6 days, whereas the reverse transplants were accepted or rejected chronically. Reciprocal grafting between tetraploids showed subacute rejection in 10–12 days, although some fish showed chronic rejection in 20–30 days. On the other hand, scale grafts reciprocally exchanged among triploids were intact even 3 months after grafting, although some of them showed a unidirectional rejection pattern. Furthermore, allograft rejection among gynogens occurred between 5 and 20 days, whereas all the scale allografts between members of control siblings were rejected within 9 days. In addition, neither accelerated acute rejection nor acceptance of allografts was observed in grafts exchanged among GD1goldfish. These results suggest that single doses of histocompatibility alleles are effective in eliciting acute rejection, and each of the fourth haploid set of chromosomes originating from paternal goldfish might share the same histocompatibility antigens to a large extent. This experiment also indicates that the genecentromere recombination rate is quite high with respect to the histocompatibility loci in this

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05290.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

After varying periods of food deprivation the foraging behaviour of parasitized and non‐parasitized sticklebacks was measured in both undisturbed and recently frightened fish. Parasitized sticklebacks forage significantly more actively and recover more quickly after a frightening stimulus than do control fish. They also react more quickly to food deprivation than do uninfected control fish. Seventy‐two hours without food is sufficient to suppress the fright response in parasitized fish, and causes them to forage at the same rate as when undisturbed. Non‐infected controls failed to forage successfully after a frightening stimulus, even when they had been without food for 96 h. Frightening stimuli can affect profoundly the normal foraging behaviour of hungry

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05212.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Channel catfish peripheral blood leucocytes were separated on a Percoll gradient to establish the phagocytic function of the neutrophils. Four fractions of leucocytes were formed on the Percoll gradient, including a fraction that contained 50–80% neutrophils at a density of 1.08–1.09 g ml−1and a fraction that contained 10% monocytes at a density of 1.071–1.074 g ml−1. Phagocytic assays, using3H‐uridine, showed that the two fractions had similar phagocytic indices, although neutrophils were less phagocytic than monocytes. Neutrophils were confirmed to be phagocytic when examined with transmission electron microscopy. Staining with 3,3‐diaminobenzidine‐tetrahydrochloride demonstrated peroxidase‐positive granules in the cytoplasm of actively phagocytic cells as well as peroxidase reaction products in a number of phagosomes containing bacteria. Phagocytosis of bacteria by channel catfish neutrophils was further confirmed by differential staining of external bacteria and cell surfaces with ruthenium red during the

ISSN:0022-1112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05291.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY