摘要:

AbstractThe interaction of slope profile models with soil profile models is discussed in general terms to show the external constraints on each individual soil profile which set it within its catena context. The soil profile models discussed are primarily chemical, and treat the soil hydrology as externally imposed. Soil inorganic minerals are treated as mixtures of elementary oxides, using modified values for Gibb's free energies which are approximately valid for silicates. Soil organic matter is considered to consist of carbohydrates, amino acids and lignins, in order to simulate soil organic matter distributions with and without vertical mixing. The soil CO2distribution is simulatedviagaseous diffusion of the CO2produced by organic matter decomposition. Soil pH is calculated with reference to the CO2distribution, and allows the solubility equations to be solved through the resulting inorganic soil profile. A worked example is given for a soil profile in equilibrium with given external rates of mechanical and chemical denudation.

ISSN:0360-1269    

DOI:10.1002/esp.3290020212

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractActive rock glaciers are forms of and indicators for alpine permafrost. On average every individual transports a volume of 1.2‐1.6 × 106m3of talus and ice with a speed of 5‐100 cm/yr. The amount of talus in a rock glacier is about 40‐50 per cent of the total volume. Active rock glaciers are therefore an important talus transport system of the periglacial zone of high mountains. They form below talus slopes and beneath small glaciers, and they resemble therefore talus transport systems in continuation of the talus slope or the glacier transport system.According to our estimation (Tables II, III and IV) the total volume of all 994 active rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps is 1,200‐1,600 × 106m3. The total amount of talus on the move is estimated to be 500‐800 × 106m3, and the mass‐wasting by active rock glaciers per year is then 450‐600 × 106m × t (horizontal) and 140‐190 × 106m × t (vertical) for a movement of 0.3 m/yr and a slope of 30 per cent (= 17°). In relation to the unit of area (km2) these values represent 20 per cent of the total mass‐wasting in the eastern Swiss Alps according to Jäckli (1957) or 160 per cent of the mass‐wasting in Kärkev

ISSN:0360-1269    

DOI:10.1002/esp.3290020213

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA laboratory set‐up for measuring creep is described. The main objective is the measuring of creep rates. In the present experiments freeze‐and‐thaw cycles are considered as one of the main causes for seasonal creep movements. The aim is also to take into consideration the influence of segregational ice on the rate of the movements. The goal of the first experiments described here is the development of an accurate equipment for measuring the actual creep rate. The experiments are carried out in the Laboratory for Physical Geography of the University of Utrecht (The Netherl

ISSN:0360-1269    

DOI:10.1002/esp.3290020214

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIt is suggested that the evolution of morphology on a hard rock surface should be studied at a micro‐scale. At this scale there is a reasonable chance of establishing the relationship between the operation of process events and the progression of erosion rates. Micro‐erosion meters and micro‐weighed weight‐loss tablets make this possible. However, installation and disturbance factors make it difficult to approach the theoretical limits of the techniques and at the present stage only seasonal differences in erosion rates can be identified with any real certainty. Measurements on a smaller time scale of about one month have, however, been gained but these results should be interpreted with caution in the light of the problems i

ISSN:0360-1269    

DOI:10.1002/esp.3290020215

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRill and gully erosion was measured for a loamy sand ploughed field. Eight gullies in a 1.4 ha field showed a total loss of 18‐4 T, or 1‐3 mm of denudation for November and December 1974, when 213 mm of rain fell. Soil analysis showed selective removal of fine material, with particles<50 μ held in suspension until the water infiltrated downslope. During a summer period, 353 mm of rain led to 0.7 mm denudation as sheet erosion from small p

ISSN:0360-1269    

DOI:10.1002/esp.3290020216

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractMeasurements and observations of soil erosion processes in vineyards on steep slopes in the German portion of the Moselle valley‐are described. Rates of erosion caused by gravitational mass movements and the action of running water differ. Catastrophic geomorphic events since 1972 are described qualitatively while quantitative data on precipitation, runoff, soil and solute loss during one year (1974‐5) from 13 plots in old and new vineyards (measuring 2m × 8, 16, 24, 32 and 48m) are presented. On the 20° slope plots erosion rates were 2.7cm/1,000 years in the old vineyard and 4.4 cm/1,000 years in the new vineyard.These results compare favourably with rates of 0.75‐4‐4 cm/1.000 years calculated from geological evidence. Both values are lower than those from many other agricultural plots and probably reflect the relative stability of the st

ISSN:0360-1269    

DOI:10.1002/esp.3290020217

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0360-1269    

DOI:10.1002/esp.3290020201

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY