摘要:

There is abundant epidemiologic and virologic evidence that high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are tumorigenic in human epithelia, particularly in the cervix, where HPV infection is necessary for cancer development. HPV DNA has been detected in a proportion of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) in numerous case series. The mere presence of the virus in tumor specimens, by itself, does not imply a causal relationship. However, recent studies support an etiologic role for HPVs in a subset of HNSCC, particularly poorly differentiated tumors arising from Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring. Epidemiologic studies have shown that exposure to HPV increases the risk of HNSCC, and HPV infection may interact with alcohol and tobacco exposure in tumor promotion. Molecular studies indicate that transcriptionally active virus is confined to tumor cells. It will be important to clarify further the role that HPV has in HNSCC development, because HPV-based therapeutic vaccines which are currently being developed for cervical cancer may also be of benefit in the management of HNSCC.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In the past 20 years, strategies based on the use of platinum-based induction chemotherapy regimens have been developed in an attempt to preserve the larynx, increase local control, and improve survival in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. In patients with early-stage laryngeal cancer, it is commonly thought that there is no role for induction chemotherapy. In this review, we support the notion that there is growing evidence available in the literature documenting the need and the role for induction chemotherapy as well as the need and the role for the use of conservation laryngeal surgery after induction chemotherapy in early-stage laryngeal cancer (T1-2N0).

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Bladder tumor antigen, nuclear matrix protein 22, telomerase activity, fibrin degradation products assay, and a number of diagnostic tests on exfoliated urethelial cells are being tried to replace or decrease the frequency of cystoscopies. The results of these studies have shown that although some of these tests are promising, the standard of care for patients with hematuria or previously treated bladder carcinoma is still cystoscopy. New and non-invasive tests are on the horizon, however. It is essential to find accurate prognostic factors in patients with T1 disease which will predict the cases which will progress to muscle invasive disease. It has been clearly shown that the depth of invasion within the submucosa is closely related with survival. It has been established that continent diversions improve the quality of life in patients who have undergone cystectomy. Furthermore, this type of diversion was shown to improve survival. This fact can be attributed to early cystectomy which was prompted by the increased patient acceptance.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In addition to the known risk factors for renal cell carcinoma, hypertension, obesity, and tobacco use, a diet high in consumption of fried or sautéed meat and the frequent consumption of poultry may increase the risk for renal cell carcinoma. A diet high in consumption of fruits and vegetables appears to have a protective effect. Molecular markers, in particular markers of cell proliferation, may have prognostic value and be of assistance in identifying patients who would benefit from more aggressive therapy. Surgery continues to the mainstay of treatment of localized disease, and may be the optimal treatment for patients with isolated solitary metastatic disease. Response rates to systemic therapy with cytokines vary from 5% to 20% with significant adverse effects.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Advances in our knowledge of pediatric genitourinary tumors are being made at a rapid pace at both the basic science and clinical levels. As the molecular mechanisms underlying these malignancies are being uncovered, treatment options are being modified to decrease morbidity and, ultimately, increase survival. This article reviews the recent literature on Wilms’ tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and testicular tumors.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The causes of prostate cancer reflect a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Improvement in screening has reduced the incidence of prostate cancer, and risk assessment schemata have enhanced therapy, both for localized disease and for locally recurrent prostate cancer. The use of hormone therapy has been further evaluated, as primary therapy for locally advanced cancers, for lymph node–positive cancers, and forde novometastatic cancer. Modest inroads have been made in the treatment and understanding of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Advances have been made in the understanding of the risk factors, genetic and environmental, associated with the development and progression of prostate cancer; in screening; and in optimizing therapy for localized, locally recurrent, and advanced disease. This article reviews the most salient observations reported between November 1, 1997 and October 31, 1998.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The publication of the proceedings of Fourth Workshop on Carcinomain situwas an impressive leap in our understanding of the interaction between prenatal and postpubertal factors in the development of germ cell cancer as well as increased insight into the molecular events that are involved in the development of these tumors. From this work, physicians are increasingly accepting that estrogen-mediated prenatal priming of germ cells generates a predisposition to postpubertal cyclin D2–driven initiation of full mitotic cell cycle replication of a tetraploid p53-expressing meiotically arrested pachytene spermatocyte that is under increased gonadotrophin drive because of testicular atrophy inducing events. From this new knowledge, new markers,eg, FGF4, CD30,andOCT-4,of embryonal carcinoma cells are identifying alternative ways of identifying poor risk tumors and leading to renewed interest in study of histopathology of these tumors. With greater attention to late events and increasing confirmation that chemotherapy is better than radiation even in seminoma and that seminoma is more chemosensitive than nonseminoma, a renewed clinical need exists for improved pathologic definition to reduce unnecessary usage of chemotherapy and maximize its benefits. With the failure of vinblastine, ifosfamide, and cisplatin to show any benefit over BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin) in the Southwest Oncology Group trial, re-examination of approaches to treatment of poor risk disease is emphasized as the priority for future trials.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID