ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) is a variant of primary central nervous system lymphoma in which lymphoma cells are initially present only in the eyes without evidence of disease in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid. Patients with PIOL are typically older adults who present with blurred vision and floaters. The ophthalmic examination characteristically shows a cellular infiltrate in the vitreous with or without the presence of subretinal infiltrates. Diagnostic evaluation for PIOL includes neuroimaging, cytologic examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, and a diagnostic vitrectomy with special handling of the vitreous specimen, if the former is nondiagnostic. Molecular and cytokine analyses are useful adjuncts to cytology for the diagnosis of PIOL. Recent molecular studies demonstrating viral DNA in the ocular lymphoma cells suggest a role for infectious agents in the pathogenesis of PIOL. To date, the best mode for treatment of PIOL or recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma involving only the eyes remains undefined.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Recent experiments indicate that some of the genetic abnormalities found in human brain tumors can induce tumors in mice with similar histologic characteristics to their human counterparts. Such studies help unravel the biology of tumorigenesis and indicate that some of the mutations and alterations in gene expression found in human central nervous system tumors may actually contribute to the etiology of these diseases. In addition, these mouse-modeling experiments may identify essential targets for therapy and provide test animals for preclinical trials of mechanistically designed therapeutics.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

During the period of this review, there has been continued use and development of neuroimaging techniques in brain tumor diagnosis and management. Although no monumental developments or improvements in neuroimaging techniques or technology have occurred, important studies continue to be published showing the clinical impact and utility of various neuroimaging techniques to improve the care of patients with brain tumors. Several studies have shown the power of functional neuroimaging techniques with both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron-emission tomography (PET) to map eloquent cortex and assist in the planning of surgical and radiation therapy. New nuclear imaging radiopharmaceuticals, including various PET ligands and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) agents, have also been developed and show their potential power in the evaluation of brain tumor patients. New MRI pulse sequences to improve image quality and shorten imaging time have also been developed. Several excellent reviews of the use of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET and MRI techniques were also published. This article reviews the relevant and important neuroimaging literature related to brain tumor that was published during the defined time period of November 1, 1999 to October 31, 2000. Discussion is organized by modality, including nuclear imaging techniques (SPECT and PET) and MRI (pulse sequence development, contrast agent development, functional MRI developments, and general MRI-related information).

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Medulloblastoma, the most common primary malignant brain tumor in children, is a radiosensitive and chemosensitive tumor. Nevertheless, medulloblastoma remains a management challenge for the clinical oncologist, because the optimal sequence and dosage for each treatment modality has not yet been defined. In addition, effective management strategies for medulloblastoma may result in profound neuroendocrine and neuropsychologic sequelae. In this article, we review the clinical and biologic prognostic factors for classifying medulloblastoma, current strategies for the management of this disease, and potential strategies to prevent or minimize long-term treatment sequelae.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Reports that central nervous system (CNS) cancer rates are increasing have prompted debate on whether secular trends reflect environmental changes related to etiology or artifacts of case ascertainment. We present the most recent data from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program on incidence rates and trends of CNS malignancies, including primary CNS lymphomas, and on survival probability. We discuss the new 2000 standard for adjusting rates; underreporting of CNS tumor rates resulting from the exclusion of nonmalignancies in most cancer registries; and information on CNS tumor risk factors, including concerns related to nonionizing electromagnetic fields and wireless mobile telephones.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Tyrosine kinase (type 1) growth factor receptors include the erbB family. These cell surface receptors were discovered in the context of cellular transformation and have subsequently been found to be overexpressed in many types of human cancer. Cumulative evidence suggests that upregulation of the most well-characterized receptor, erbB1, also known as the epidermal growth factor receptor, plays a significant role in the development and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. A variety of strategies have been developed that specifically target epidermal growth factor receptor, including monoclonal antibodies, ligand-linked immunotoxins, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and antisense approaches. Epidermal growth factor receptor blockade in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and preclinical animal models inhibits cell proliferation and tumor growth. Clinical trials are under way to test the safety and efficacy of many of these targeting strategies in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. Encouraging preliminary results combining an epidermal growth factor receptor targeting approaches with chemotherapy or radiotherapy suggest that interference with this growth factor receptor may enhance antitumor efficacy of standard therapies. As erbB family member interactions and downstream signaling pathways are elucidated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, specific targeting strategies may become incorporated into standard treatment approaches.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck has been strongly linked to chronic tobacco and alcohol abuse. However, we are increasingly recognizing subgroups of patients without traditional risk factors. Recent clinical and molecular investigations suggest that there are distinctive clinical entities, particularly affecting young patients with cancers of the oral tongue and oropharynx. We review data from clinical observations and current biologic inquiries and consider therapeutic implications for these important patient subgroups.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

There is increasing molecular and epidemiologic evidence that human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with a distinct subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. The strength and consistency of HPV DNA presence in oropharyngeal cancers bolster the argument that this association is likely causal. HPV-positive tonsillar cancer in particular is emerging as a specific disease entity with distinct molecular, pathologic, and clinical characteristics. Recent data suggest that the incidence of tonsillar carcinoma in the United States is increasing, despite a decline in tobacco use, supporting the existence of other important risk factors such as HPV infection. Individuals with a history of an HPV-associated anogenital cancer and HIV-infected men are at increased risk for tonsillar carcinoma. This review focuses on the recent literature (since 1998) investigating the relationship between HPV and head and neck cancer development, using the current paradigm for causal inference in epidemiologic research attributed to Sir A. Bradford Hill. Data examining the association of HPV with pathogenesis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma before 1999 were previously reviewed in this journal.

ISSN:1040-8746    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID