摘要:

Satellites have become essential for routine use in meteorology and environmental monitoring. Fifteen years ago there were perhaps only a dozen or so user stations in the whole of Europe. Today there are nearly 1000 Metcosat stations alone. In addition there are many stations for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) polar orbiting meteorological satellites and a number of extensive ground networks to distribute these data further. There arc also many specialized processing facilities to extract information from these data. Europe also provides and makes extensive use of satellite data collection facilities to obtain and use environmental data from many remote locations.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904184

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The first meteorological satellite was placed in orbit in 1960. The European programme began in earnest in 1977 with the launch of a geostationary satellite, Meteosat-1. This paper provides a brief history of the development of the Meteosat programme and describes the operational services which are provided including the range of meteorological products which are extracted routinely from the satellite data at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC).

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904185

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Visible and near-visible sensors, which have been widely used in the beginning of the period of interest, have been later overshadowed by the availability of sensors using the microwave part of the spectrum. However, the latter years of this period have shown an obvious come-back with numerous experiments flown with new generation equipment. This paper describes briefly the first generation sensors and how they were used in airborne experiments, explains the developments being conducted from mechanical to push-broom scanners and to non-scanning sensors, shows how some sensors were being integrated in comprehensive systems and what is the trend found in the later years of the period of reference. This is illustrated by examples of existing equipment in France and in Europe, and two case studies: one on the Dutch CAESAR push-broom scanner, the other on the Oceanographic Lidar System developed by the University of Oldenburg in Germany.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904186

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

After an introductory first section, based on the previous history of microwave remote sensing in Europe, a review of achievements is presented in two parts. In the first the material is based on sensor development in the different European countries, whereas in the second non-European sensors are also included. Obviously each section will refer to a number of radar systems. The main characteristics of these systems are summarised in a table at the end of the article.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904187

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This paper summarizes those activities which have occurred in Europe as part of what might be described loosely as academic initiatives in remote sensing related to the dissemination of scientific results in the field of remote sensing; it does not attempt to discuss education and training. The various national societies devoted to remote sensing are listed and some information is given about their sizes. A number of journals and information source books originating within Europe are also described.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904188

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Abstract. One of the first disciplines in which remote sensing has had obvious applications is in meteorology. The main applications, which have been developed for using satellite data in manual and short term forecasting and for numerical weather prediction models, are described. Some examples arc also given to illustrate these applications. Meteorological applications require the data in near real time but if the data are processed and archived a useful data set for climatologica! research is also produced. Some examples of the application of satellite data to climatology are given. Finally some promising future developments in the use of satellite data in meteorology and climatology during the next ten years are briefly outlined.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904189

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The European marine community has lent strong support to satellite remote sensing techniques that have emerged over the last 15-20 years. Now Europe has its own remote sensing satellite, the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) largely directed to ocean measurements—especially surface winds, waves and currents-by means of its suite of microwave sensors.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904190

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Water, which was taken for granted and assumed to exist in abundance, has become one of our most precious natural resources. Hence hydrological and water management problems represent key areas of applied science in the current worldwide economic and ecological situations. Satellite remote sensing technologies have been used more and more to satisfy urgent requirements for information relating to water resources. Many efforts have been undertaken in Europe to develop appropriate methods and to advance these systems to an operational level. Main emphasis is given to processes in which land surfaces and inland waters are involved, dealing with the estimation of precipitation, the assessment of soil moisture, surface runoff and the forecasting of runoff, be it from rainfall or from snowmelt. Remote sensing methods are of fundamental importance for soil moisture monitoring on a global and on a regional scale. Experimental research has demonstrated that if, in principle, observations in the visible and thermal infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are able to detect the surface moisture of bare soils, microwave sensors are the most promising tools for quantitative estimates of this parameter. A valuable amount of research on this subject has been performed in Europe and is reviewed within the framework of the most advanced international research. Within Europe regional or local aspects and problems dominate. Therefore the efforts and achievements concerned with these areas and applications, and the progress towards operational use, will be focused on primarily. The most advanced and most promising operational applications exist in the field of snow hydrology to improve power production.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904191

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

During the past 20 years the development of remote sensing techniques has been very intense and remotely-sensed data have become a most powerful tool for investigations on the subject of geology, geophysics, mineral resources and energy. For geology and investigations on mineral resources manifold operational applications can be realized. Multisensor and muhitem-poral data are available, with varying spectral and spatial resolutions, to facilitate an optimized detection of the parameters of interest. Analogous, and of greater interest for the main topics of geoscience, digital data have proved to be an indispensable working base in many applications. During this period of technical development of different sensors the availability of the new remote sensing data opened up the possibilities of analysis beyond purely qualitative to more quantitative achievements. In this framework numerous geoscientific researchers in Europe were engaged in developing methodologies for the application of the new remote sensing data. The development of image processing techniques, e.g. to merge multisensor data or classification algorithms, was advanced. The feasibilities of remote sensing have shown distinct characteristics for numerous applications, in particular during recent decades, from the combination of different data sets.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904192

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

European efforts in the use of remote sensing from satellites were initially largely derivative from United States systems and information extraction techniques. Increasingly, independent capabilities have been developed, in part associated with European sensor development and data reception and distribution capabilities. A wide range of applications of land cover data derived from satellites has been developed. In many cases, however, the quality of the results is inadequate for operational use. The latter will become more feasible with the application of new information extraction techniques, the use of data from new sensors, notably spaceborne radars, improved preprocessing of data and better co-ordination of research efforts.

ISSN:0143-1161    

DOI:10.1080/01431169208904193

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor