摘要:

Metal levels on equilibrium fluidized cracking catalysts (FCC) have been increasing through the years (Fig. 1), indicating that the study of the physicochemical properties of metal resistant FCC has remained an important topic to refiners [1]. After the crude oil price collapse of 1986, Ni levels on equilibrium FCC have remained fairly constant whereas V levels have somewhat decreased owing to the greater availability (and lower cost) of high-quality crudes; Fig. 2. At the metals levels shown in Fig. 1, Ni and V catalyze the undesirable cracking of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range, thus increasing coke and hydrogen yields. Vanadium-induced activity losses can be easily circumvented with the proper catalyst management and increased makeup rates. However, should refiners in the future undertake the cracking of residual oils or crack certain readily available crudes from Venezuela and Mexico, metals (especially V) will probably increase well above the levels shown in Fig. 1 and novel FCC will have to be found to negate the severe effects of V on cracking activity.

ISSN:0161-4940    

DOI:10.1080/01614949108020301

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Future worldwide crude supply projections indicate a shortage of high-quality, low-sulfur crudes. Figure 1 shows that the sulfur, gravity, and l000+°F material will continue to degrade the quality of crude oil for U.S. refiners [1]. The availability of more plentiful, heavier high-sulfur crudes creates several problems for the refiner. First, processing facilities are required to remove sulfur from the various fractions in the crude, and secondly, conversion facilities are required to convert the concentrations of 1000 + °F resid to more valuable products such as gasoline and distillates. In a conventional refinery, the vacuum resid (1000 + °F) is sold either as residual fuel or as asphalt, or it is thermally processed in cokers to produce coker liquids for further processing, and low-value petroleum coke. Because of the reduced markets for residual fuel, asphalt, and coke, refiners have had to install expensive conversion facilities to deal with the larger volumes of vacuum resids from poorer quality crudes.

ISSN:0161-4940    

DOI:10.1080/01614949108020302

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Phthalic anhydride is one of the most important products of modem large-scale organic synthesis, and it has a wide application in various branches of chemical industry. It is mostly used (60% of the world production) for preparation plasticizers for PVC. The rapid development of the industrial production of polymeric materials during the last two decades increased the need of phthalic anhydride, which resulted in an increase of its production [1, 2].

ISSN:0161-4940    

DOI:10.1080/01614949108020303

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Natural gas is an inexpensive, abundant natural resource of which about 90% is methane [1]. Methane is a raw material of great synthetic importance. Nevertheless, methane is primarily used only as fuel from which CO2and H2O are the combustion products. Total proven natural gas reserves and resources are over 1,500 trillion cubic feet, enough to last 75 years at the present rate of consumption (21. Recently, there has been a glut in natural gas, to which the response has been to conserve gas by capping wells. Furthermore, there is enough geopressured gas in the southern United States to possibly last a thousand years [2].

ISSN:0161-4940    

DOI:10.1080/01614949108020304

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This is a scanned image of the original Editorial Board page(s) for this issue.

ISSN:0161-4940    

DOI:10.1080/01614949108020300

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor