摘要:

The increasing supply of heavy crude oils is a matter of serious concern for the petroleum industry. In order to satisfy the changing pattern of product demand, significant investments in refining conversion processes will be necessary to profitably utilize these heavy crude oils. Although the most efficient and economical solution to this problem will depend to a large extent on individual country and company situations, the most promising technologies will likely involve the conversion of vacuum bottom residual oils, asphalt from deasphalting processes, and superheavy crude oils into useful light and middle distillate products.

ISSN:0161-4940    

DOI:10.1080/01614949508007091

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Different aspects concerning the process of direct methane conversion to oxygen-containing products developed during more than half a century have been considered in previous reviews [1–3]. In particular, Gesser et al. [13 paid most attention to the homogeneous stages in methane conversion, while Foster [2] and Pitchai and Klier [3] examined the effect of different catalysts on methanol and formaldehyde formation. At present the main product of the homogeneous methane oxidation process with oxygen is shown to be methanol formed according to a chain-branching mechanism. In the presence of homogeneous initiators [4] (benzene, 2,2,4- trimethylpentane, etc.) or heterogeneous catalysts [2,3,5,6], formaldehyde is formed together with CH30H. However, the yield of the desirable products is low and does not exceed 8–10%. Charged atomic oxygen forms are considered to take part in the process of catalytic methane oxidation.

ISSN:0161-4940    

DOI:10.1080/01614949508007092

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A tremendous number of new catalytic chemical processes have been established and commercialized in Japan in recent years [l, 21. Table 1 shows typical Japanese-made technologies and processes from 1957, about which time the petrochemical industry started in Japan. In those days almost all processes adopted were either fully licensed from foreign companies in Western Europe and the U.S. or completed in Japan as a practical technology using basic and original ones discovered by the foreign companies. In 18 years, from 1957 to 1974, when the Japanese petrochemical industry matured and rapidly magnified its scale, 22 new technologies and processes were accomplished in Japan; however, some of them are not intrinsically Japanese for the reason already mentioned—they derived from foreign companies—and some others were only the first in Japan but not the first in the world. The next 17 years (1975–1992), which included two oil embargoes and were regarded as the time the industry entered the age of a low growth rate present striking contrasts, however, in that a considerable number, 29, of new technologies adopted in this period were Japanese originals. They were not only the first in Japan but also the first in the world.

ISSN:0161-4940    

DOI:10.1080/01614949508007093

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0161-4940    

DOI:10.1080/01614949508007094

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor