摘要:

The aim of this study was to investigate which foods were directly advertised to Finnish teenagers and to analyse the information given about the ingredients, the role of health and pleasure and the activities and milieus in the advertisements. In order to shed light on the socio‐cultural context, two successful advertisements; one for Coca‐Cola and one for milk, were described in detail. Eighty‐nine food advertisements published in Finnish youth magazines, and 116 television‐spots shown in 1983 were subjected to content analysis.Typical food advertisements aimed at teenagers were for soft drinks, chocolates, can‐dies, and milk. These contained little information on ingredients and this was often misleading. Health claims were rare, whereas good flavour was emphasized. In the advertisements young people exercised, danced or drove motor vehicles distant from their everyday living environment. They enjoyed the refreshing power of nature, did not go to school or eat ordinary meals, but took soft drinks and chocolates for strength and energy.The advertisements emphasized the pleasures of eating and skillfully associated the foods with teenage life‐style. Due to the absence of an urban tradition the ‘American dream’ presented in movies, popular music, and advertising is accepted in Finland. In a successful milk advertisement the combination of Finnish agricultural milieu with American music created a positive response

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1989.tb00017.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Chemical forms of iron were examined in commercial soy sauce and the soy sauce fortified with iron salts. Commercial soy sauce contained 10–46 p.p.m. of iron. The content depended on the kinds of soy sauce. The iron was soluble and most of it was in the ferrous state. Soy sauce had reducing activity, so that the ferric iron in soy sauce fortified with ferric iron salts was converted to ferrous iron. Ferrous iron was stable in soy sauce during the storage at 50°C for 40 days. Iron fortification of soy sauce at the level of 250 p.p.m. produced the undesirable changes in colour and flavo

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1989.tb00018.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although residential conservation strategies can have a dramatic impact on energy consumption, the involvement of the occupant can have a deterring and/or an enhancing influence on optimal results. Occupant impact on the use of residential heating conservation strategies was assessed by monitoring use factors and energy‐consumption data of nine families living in an energy test house. The families tested two supplemental space heating strategies, use of a sunspace and a woodstove. The families used each strategy separately for one‐week periods. User‐ and energy‐consumption data for the use of flow‐restricting showerheads, a hot‐water conservation strategy, were used by nine families — seven involved in the testing of the heating strategies and two who tested cooling strategies in the summer months. The families used the showerheads either for a one or two‐week period. Energy‐consumption data were compared against a baseline week in which none of the conservation strategies were used. A computer‐based data acquisition system tracked energy consumption as well as room temperatures and other environmental data. Questionnaires, completed daily and weekly, were used to collect user‐behaviour data, including evaluations of user involvement, resulting thermal comfort, and impact on family routines and habits. The results showed that resident implementation of strategy requirements was related to energy savings. Energy savings varied with being at home in order to open/close sunspace doors for optimal heating, with the level of previous experience of the woodstove strategy, and with compensating behaviour such as taking baths instead of using the flow‐

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1989.tb00019.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Over one‐half of all the energy consumed within the home is used for heating. Any effective campaign to conserve energy must convince consumers of the necessity of changing patterns of behaviour related to heating and improving the energy efficiency of their homes. A telephone survey using a random sample of 445 Alabama households was conducted to determine changes made by consumers in heating practices since the 1973 oil embargo. Descriptive statistics, chi‐square, and t‐tests were used to analyse the data. It was found that the most common change in heating practices made by Alabama residents was to reduce thermostat settings. Other changes included the use of supplementary heat or improvements in building shell efficiency. Supplementary heat was used more frequently by higher income households, by Caucasians, and by households containing young family members. The improvement of building shell efficiency was found to be associated with higher income and Caucasian house

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1989.tb00020.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Seven western states in the U.S.A. were surveyed by mail and telephone to assess consumer‐health beliefs and the use of food supplements (vitamins and minerals) as part of the overall western region project. A 57.9% return resulted in a sample size of 1,730 adults and 528 of these were 60 years of age and over. The sample included significantly greater numbers of regular users of vitamins and mineral supplements than non‐users or occasional users. More women than men were regular users. Compared with those who never used vitamin and mineral supplements, regular users had distinct patterns of health beliefs and practices. Regularly, they relied heavily on the medical profession for general health information. They obtained supplement and diet information from diet books and periodicals and also believed that taking vitamins and minerals prevented serious illness, reduced stress, prevented colds, skin problems, heart attacks, cancer, and other health problems. While they believed their overall well‐being was improved through the use of supplements, their responses did not indicate that use of supplements ensured good health or that the current food supply filled nutritional needs. Conclusions are that specific educational programmes about the value and use of food supplements need to be designed for the target audience. Furthermore, all professionals who work in the large array of food service positions should share the responsibility for providing accurate information and advert

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1989.tb00021.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Polyester, polypropylene, chlorofibre/acrylic and polypropylene/acrylic/wool thermal fabrics were compared for water absorption/wicking, pilling and relaxation following elongation. The polypropylene fabrics did not absorb water. Wicking was related to the mass of all but the polypropylene/acrylic/wool fabric, which had a structure unlike that of any of the other fabrics. The polypropylene/acrylic/wool blend had the optimal resistance to pilling, least dimensional change in laundering and negligible growth after elongation.

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1989.tb00022.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper provides a content analysis of portrayals of children's participation in household tasks in national television advertisements within the U.S.A. The analysis indicates that children are rarely shown working in the home, even when they could help. Furthermore, parents are shown routinely performing tasks children could have done for themselves. The resulting stereotypes are clearly drawn: children are shown to be non‐productive and parents are portrayed as servants. Such portrayals may be counter‐productive in the context of growing time pressures in the household and the potential benefits that families might realize by working together towards common go

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1989.tb00023.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Co‐operative pre‐schools offer parents the option of.exchanging volunteer labour for price savings. Relative to private pre‐schools, co‐ops have lower tuition, lower teacher‐student ratio, more field trips, less structure, shorter sessions, and less emphasis on school

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1989.tb00024.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY