摘要:

The economic security of families in retirement is a function of levels of inflation and how well families can adjust their retirement incomes to meet inflation. One way of buffering the effects of inflation is to work part‐time after retirement from one's main job. Studies of retired people, however, have indicated that levels of post‐retirement work are low. This study of a near‐retirement aged cohort offered a special early retirement incentive indicates that intentions to work after retirement from their main job are consistent with previous retired cohorts' work levels. On average, respondents anticipated working less than 3·5 h per week or less than 10 weeks per year. Major factors affecting the hours or weeks of work desired were age, life expectancy, perceived retirement income adequacy, marital status, health, sex, area of residence and edu

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1987.tb00134.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A comparison of three different detergents was made by evaluating their properties of soil removal, soil redeposition and calcium carbonate deposition. The detergents included a phosphate granular detergent, a non‐phosphate, carbonate built granular detergent and an unbuilt liquid detergent. The local water conditions were moderately hard and clay type soils were used. Detergency was evaluated on the basis of both visual and instrumental colour changes.In effecting soil removal, clay stained fabrics laundered with the phosphate detergent retained only a small amount of soil, while fabrics laundered with the two non‐phosphate detergents showed heavier staining. In preventing soil redeposition, the phosphate detergent produced almost no visible redeposition; the unbuilt and carbonate built detergents ranked correspondingly lower. In assessing calcium carbonate deposition, the phosphate and unbuilt detergents showed little or no change, while the carbonate detergent continued to build up deposits with laundering. In summary, the phosphate detergent ranked highest in overall performance, with correspondingly lesser performance from the unbuilt and carbonate deterge

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1987.tb00135.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Metropolitan sales data from the 1977 Census of Retail Trade were analysed to test whether phosphate detergent bans increased consumer expenditure on clothing: positive effects were found for men's clothing and domestic fabrics (sheets and towels). In areas with medium water hardness the average annual cost in 1977 equalled $11·08 per household. For 1984, the equivalent cost was $14·17 per household. These results are consistent with laboratory studies that show decreased detergency associated with non‐phosphate detergents and increased fabric wear associated with carbonate‐built detergents, the principle substitute for phosphate detergents. The bans impose the largest cost on hard water areas. In both ban and non‐ban areas in 1977 higher laundering costs were associated with higher water hardness. Analysis of 1972 data indicated that water hardness did not affect clothing expenditures significantly when detergents contained large amounts of pho

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1987.tb00136.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A model of food provision through growing, hunting or raising food was developed. Food supply was less of a problem for those who grew, raised or hunted their food than for others. Non‐market food provision was a viable alternative for consumers regardless of educational levels, income levels and employment status. Home food production varied by other characteristics. There was not a significant difference between urban and rural households in some types of food provided. Results of this study can be helpful to professionals assisting households with resource use and to policy makers concerning policies to assist low‐income consum

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1987.tb00137.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A comparison was made of the use of residential kitchen work centres by one worker and by two workers during a dinner meal preparation in which a microwave oven was utilized. When the meal was prepared by two workers they divided the work load by menu item and utilized separate work stations; typically, only one worker prepared the menu items requiring actual cooking. However, whether the meal preparation was individual or shared, the sink and preparation centres were the most frequently used.

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1987.tb00138.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Persons in the manufacturing and retail professions will continue to increase utilization of computer technology to assist in merchandising and management operations, and students need to be familiar with the use of technology as a tool.Attention needs to be directed at the underlying objectives for using microcomputers in the learning process. This paper focuses on the intergration of selected cognitive principles of instruction for developing a course in which students use the microcomputer as an analytical and evaluative tool.

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1987.tb00139.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The aim of this study was to investigate the degree to which shoppers use unit price as a conventional piece of information to compare sizes and/or brands in supermarkets. Three‐hundred and seventy‐five shoppers were interviewed in a Kroger supermarket in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. About two‐thirds of all respondents said they used the unit price information while shopping. Slightly over 84% of those who understand how the unit price information can be used to make more economical choices said they used it. Shoppers with lower levels of education used unit price less than those with higher levels of education. The same pattern was observed between low‐income and high‐income shoppers as well as between blacks and whites. The number of shoppers who recalled using unit price to compare sizes was about the same as the number of people who recalled using it to compa

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1987.tb00140.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Fundamental differences are described here between the environmental context of management within the private sphere of home and family, and management within the public sphere of government, political and business institutions. We articulate how management differs in the two spheres because of the unique rules and structural principles that govern each sphere, and because of the distinctive ends pursued in each sphere.

ISSN:0309-3891    

DOI:10.1111/j.1470-6431.1987.tb00141.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1987

数据来源: WILEY