摘要:

The application of concepts from cognitive science and artificial intelligence to organizational modeling is a new and exciting area of research that may yield useful insights into organization theory and behavior. In this introduction we offer a framework for organizational intelligence, review the literature in the area, and introduce the articles in this special issue.

ISSN:1054-1721    

DOI:10.1080/10919399209540178

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Although several collaborative office systems have been developed recently to provide synchronous communication support for managerial work, they have not capitalized on electronic mail (E‐mail), an existing asynchronous office communication technology widely used by managers. This is because E‐mail technology has yet to incorporate intelligent characteristics and flexibility to support different office functions, which can enable it to adapt to the changing and uncertain environment of managerial work. This article addresses the conceptual and technological issues involved in development of E‐mail to support managerial work with MAIL‐MAN, a knowledge‐based E‐mail system unified with other office applications to model and support managerial work.

ISSN:1054-1721    

DOI:10.1080/10919399209540179

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The primary objective of effective productivity improvement is to reduce unnecessary and wasteful effort,notsimply to speed things up. Constructing an organizational model along these lines might assist a manager in assessing the organization's current state and in moving to a more desirable position. Such models may be construed as managers’ mental models. A mental model is not a static set of knowledge, but rather, a dynamic memory that integrates the new information resulting from environmental scanning. Thus, a mental model consists of some internal representation that reflects the essential features and relationships in a corresponding real‐world system, for example, the organization. This article proposes an architecture and a representation scheme for implementing computational models that correspond with the mental models in managers’ minds. A four‐level architecture is outlined that consists of a linguistic layer, an epistemological layer, an object‐management layer, and an implementation layer. An iterative, triarchic research method was used that simultaneously developed a theoretical framework, synthesized evidence from an American Express case study, and specified a computational representation. A prototype management support system developed as part of this research, called SPRINT (Strategic Plan and Resource INTegration), is implemented as a frame‐based semantic network using a hypertext interface and is programmed in Smalltalk/V286.

ISSN:1054-1721    

DOI:10.1080/10919399209540180

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Organizations interested in intelligent actions in uncertain or equivocal environments must possess or create a common context of interaction for participants in order to coordinate their activities and use information effectively. In a learning situation, the establishment of an intelligible context of interaction is especially important because the learner's assimilation of new information depends on its compatibility with the learner's existing knowledge and skills. Cognitive theory underlies the authors’ discussion of the functions, development, and expression of intelligence, and informs their discussion of effective action contexts. Contextual information systems (CIS) are proposed as mechanisms for helping individuals and organizations manage personal and enterprise‐wide knowledge systems. A domain analysis methodology, developed to facilitate the creation of appropriate action contexts, is presented. Finally, the contributions CIS can make to human and organizational effectiveness are discussed.

ISSN:1054-1721    

DOI:10.1080/10919399209540181

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The successful use of icons in interface design, games, and simulations to reduce cognitive effort is well established. This article explores an extension of the concept via a prototype implementation in Smalltalk‐80 that uses object‐oriented programming, AI techniques, and iconic “visual agents”; as a means of expanding the scope of the visual model world from narrowly focused metaphors to organizations themselves. Visual agents are icons that encapsulate data and behavior of organizational objects including the user. Just as a desktop metaphor is based on “desktop objects”; an organizational model world includes objects found within an organization. These objects are classified using a simple hierarchy composed of persons, things, and processes at the top level and a set of changeable entities at lower levels. This hierarchy provides the basis for the development of systems that accomplish managerial level tasks such as scheduling, reporting, advisement, and assistance. The hierarchical class structure, method inheritance, and message‐passing paradigm of Smalltalk‐80 offers an environment, which is itself, a good model for the approach. Thus, Smalltalk‐80, in conjunction with embedded knowledge bases that provide agents with a limited but functional “intelligence,”; complete the approach to organizational modeling proposed here.

ISSN:1054-1721    

DOI:10.1080/10919399209540182

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Organizations in competitive markets have no guarantee of continued existence. The intelligent firm in such a setting is the firm that can adapt its structure, the one that has the knowledge necessary to change when change is optimal, andto make enough profit to survive.We argue that the intelligent firm must understand the relationships among its structure, its production inputs (including information technology), and its productivity. When market and technological conditions dictate that a change in structure is optimal, the intelligent firm, the successful firm,willchange. We argue that carefully structured and controlled laboratory experiments provide an excellent source for obtaining the knowledge necessary for organizations to adapt strategically. We illustrate how such experiments can be used in determining the relationships between organizational forms and information system constructs, and in analyzing what mixes yield maximum performance in decision‐theoretic and game‐theoretic settings.

ISSN:1054-1721    

DOI:10.1080/10919399209540183

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:1054-1721    

DOI:10.1080/10919399209540177

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor