ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Intestinal transplantation might become the alternative to definitive parenteral nutrition in patients with permanent intestinal failure. Indeed, recent advances in immunosuppressive treatment and better monitoring and control of acute rejection have brought intestinal transplantation into the realms of standard treatment of intestinal failure. This procedure may be performed in adult or paediatric patients under certain conditions. This short review focuses on the current clinical results and indications for intestinal transplantation and discusses the strategy regarding this challenging procedure.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Bone marrow transplantation is being utilized with increasing frequency in the treatment of patients with malignancy; it is also being applied to the treatment of patients with genetic diseases and as an adjunct to solid organ transplantation. The high dose cytotoxic chemotherapy, often accompanied by total body irradiation, results in severe catabolism, disruption of the gastrointestinal mucosa and marked immunosuppression. A variety of studies show that the supplementation of the amino acid glutamine, by the enteral or parenteral route, as either the free or dipeptide form, appears safe and efficacious in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Further double-blind controlled clinical trials of glutamine supplementation in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation and receiving more contemporary treatment, which often includes the administration of novel combinations of cytoreductive agents and hematopoietic growth factors, are warranted.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In dialysis patients, malnutrition is an independent factor causing morbidity and mortality. Both inadequate alimentation and metabolic alterations, which involve nitrogen and energy metabolism, contribute to malnutrition. Future research must address the treatment of anorexia and inflammation-induced catabolism, as well as the evaluation of nutritional supplementation techniques and anabolic drugs.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The final decade of the millennium has seen an enormous amount of on-orbit life sciences research, including both short- and long-duration flight research. Life sciences dedicated Space Shuttle flights have made intensive research opportunities available to study on the acute adaptation to weightlessness. The NASA/Mir Science Program combined resources of the USA and Russia to provide the first long-duration flight opportunities for the United States since the Skylab program of the early 1970s. Many of the results of these studies are still being evaluated, and in some cases data are still being collected to assess long-term readaptation to gravity after several months in weightlessness. The surge in life sciences research during this decade serves as a preamble to the opportunities to be provided by the latest addition to the Earth-orbiting structures - the International Space Station.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The pathogenesis of cancer anorexia/cachexia is still unclear, partly explaining why its treatment remains disappointing. Anorexia plays a central role but cancer cachexia is more complex than chronic starvation. One of the key differences is the preferential mobilization of fat and the sparing of skeletal muscle in simple starvation compared to an equal mobilization of fat and skeletal muscle in cancer patients. An increase in basal energy expenditure also appears to play a contributory role in many patients. Cytokines, essentially but not exclusively tumor necrosis factor-α, play an essential pathogenic role and the syndrome can be compared to a low grade chronic inflammatory state.Parenteral nutrition could facilitate the administration of complete doses of chemotherapy or radiotherapy but no significant survival benefit or decrease in treatment-induced toxicity have been demonstrated in prospective randomized trials. The gut should have the preference for nutritional support. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is used more and more often in patients with a functionally intact gastroinestinal tract, especially in patients with head and neck cancer. Progestational drugs can to some extent stimulate appetite, food intake, energy level, increase weight and decrease the severity of nausea and vomiting. However, pharmacological treatment of cancer cachexia remains disappointing and more trials with anticytokine drugs, anabolic agents or polyunsaturated fatty acids should be conducted.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Evaluation of nutritional status is a major problem in patients with liver cirrhosis this is due to water retention and the effect of liver function on protein synthesis. Despite problems evaluating the patient, malnutrition has been found to be a common complication in liver cirrhosis and is associated with poorer outcome. Nutritional restrictions, like protein restriction, are no longer recommended in most patients with liver cirrhosis but are considered harmful. An intake of 1 to 1.5 g/kg protein and 25 to 40 kcal/kg body weight a day is recommended (depending on the situation of the patient). If adequate intake cannot be achieved by oral nutrition, stepwise nutritional support with the introduction of an additional late evening meal, sip feeding or tube feeding is recommended. Parenteral nutrition should be used as a second line treatment for acutely ill patients. Data indicate that improvement of nutritional status prior to liver transplantation might reduce complications.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID