ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Total parenteral nutrition in humans began with work on neonates, and every year since then there have been important new discoveries. In the past 12 months there have been important new preliminary findings in parenteral nutrition cholestasis, and in bone mineralization. There has been further work on clinical pathways and other aspects of quality assurance, and scientists continue to find new aspects.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Enteral nutrition is the preferred route for nutritional support compared with parenteral nutrition if the gastrointestinal tract is functionally preserved. Long-standing nasogastric or nasoenteric feeding tubes are not well tolerated. Alternative routes are gastrostomy and jejunostomy. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy/jejunostomy or those guided by fluoroscopy, sonography or tomography should be the first choices. Laparoscopy or laparotomy gastrostomy/jejunostomy routes should be reserved for specific situations. Insufflation of the stomach with air or saline solution facilitates the placement of nasoenteric feeding tubes or percutaneous sonographic-guided gastrostomy. The gastrostomy button is a safe and aesthetic alternative, at least in children. Comparison between percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and surgical gastrostomy performed either via laparotomy or laparoscopy favours the first in terms of costs and risks. Whenever associated intra-abdominal procedures or anatomic difficulties arise, a laparoscopic or an open access becomes necessary. Complications with feeding tubes are not uncommon and should be promptly recognized and treated.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In the past, blenderized tube feeds prepared in the hospital kitchen were delivered by bolus or gravity at intervals of 4-6 h. These methods lack consistent steady flow and many times are not a safe mode of delivery for those at risk of vomiting and aspiration, and cause more patient discomfort than nutritional benefit. More recently, enteral feeding administration techniques and devices have been developed for the delivery of commercially prepared enteral formulas designed for specific disease states. These technological advances have improved enteral feeding practices.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Routine supplementation of total parenteral nutrition mixtures with the readily available single or combination trace elements products is becoming more widespread. As more is learned about deficiency syndromes and monitoring techniques, so too must we understand more about the physicochemical interactions between individual trace alements and other nutrients, that could ultimately affect bioavailability. Expert pharmaceutical assessment of these complex reactions, that have been demonstrated to occur in solution, becomes increasingly important in order to optimize the efficacy of micronutrient therapy.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Endothelium-derived nitric oxide is a key determinant of blood pressure homeostasis and platelet aggregation, and is synthesized by the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase. In the vascular wall, endothelial nitric oxide synthase is activated by diverse cell surface receptors and by an increase in blood flow. Although initially classified as a constitutive enzyme, many substances and conditions that regulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression are now described. With the recent discovery of endothelial nitric oxide synthase being compartmentalized in signal-transducing microdomains of the plasma membrane termed caveolae, the past 2 years have mostly witnessed important advances in understanding the control of the functional expression of the enzyme.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In mammals, the plasma concentration of amino acids is affected by nutritional or pathological conditions. For example, an amino acid profile alteration has been reported as a result of a deficiency of any one of the essential amino acids, a dietary imbalance of amino acids or an insufficient intake of protein. Amino acid availability regulates the expression of several genes involved in the regulation of growth, cellular function or amino acid metabolism. A limitation of several amino acids strongly increases the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteinCHOPand asparagine synthetase genes. Elevated messenger RNA levels result from both an increase in the rate of transcription and an increase in messenger RNA stability. DNA amino acid response elements have been characterized in the promoter ofCHOPand asparagine synthetase genes. The underlying mechanisms of gene regulation by amino acid limitation are not yet completely understood. The results discussed in this review demonstrate that amino acids by themselves can play, in concert with hormones, an important role in the control of gene expression.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

This review examines recent advances in the dietary modulation of gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract. We have chosen to concentrate on individual genes and examine what is known about their regulation, attempting to link different studies together.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are nuclear receptors with pleiotropic effects on intra- and extracellular lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, inflammation control, and cell proliferation. This review addresses the respective roles of the different peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms in these different processes.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1999

数据来源: OVID