ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Severe injury profoundly alters two important hormonal mediators of skeletal muscle. Cortisol production, and the subsequent effect on muscle catabolism, is immediately and persistently elevated. To the contrary, testosterone, a primary anabolic stimulus of skeletal muscle, is considerably suppressed with trauma. The result is a dramatically increased catabolic/anabolic hormonal profile that is further exacerbated by the prolonged inactivity that occurs with severe injury. These factors combine to produce a conspicuous loss of lean body mass throughout hospitalization. Emerging evidence suggests that one approach to ameliorating the loss of skeletal muscle nitrogen is restoration of the anabolic influence. The safe and effective normalization of testosterone concentrations after severe injury attenuates the loss of muscle protein. The retention of lean body mass will positively affect clinical and rehabilitative outcomes.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Cachexia is frequently associated with advanced or terminal cancer states, but it can also develop early during the course of neoplastic disease. This syndrome, which is characterized by body weight loss and negative nitrogen balance, significantly affects patient survival and quality of life. Studies on experimental models have shown that a complex interplay of different factors, such as anorexia, classical hormones, cytokines and other less well defined factors, concur in causing tissue wasting. On the basis of these results, it has been possible to prevent the onset of experimental cachexia by targeting therapeutic interventions at the underlying metabolic perturbations. Anticytokine treatments, either acting centrally or peripherally, have received particular attention, and are currently reaching the stage of clinical trials.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Studies on regulation of protein turnover in skeletal muscle have revealed the important contributions of protein synthesis and catabolism to tissue protein balance, and have identified a host of specific anabolic and catabolic stimuli and biochemical mechanisms that regulate these processes. This knowledge is critical to current efforts designed to promote anabolism and limit atrophy. Of the tissues with a potentially large contribution to whole-body amino acid metabolism, protein turnover of the intestine stands out as being poorly understood. The intestine is subject to complexities in regulation of its metabolism that are not apparent for other tissues. The study of intestinal protein turnover also entails some important technical challenges. We recently developed an in-situ experimental system for study of intestinal mucosal protein synthesis with the following unique features: multiple observations within an animal; controlled delivery of nutritional stimuli to the apical side, basolateral side, or both; and luminal delivery of tracer in a flooding dose for determination of protein synthesis. We have begun to use the system to test the specific roles of individual luminal nutrients in regulation of mucosal protein synthesis. We have also used protease gene expression as an index of potential regulation of catabolic pathways.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin. The understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases has been greatly advanced by manipulations of the immune system in mice using targeted disruptions of genes that encode specific anti- and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as T-cell subsets. The outcome of these experiments has implicated CD4+lymphocytes and certain proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-12) as playing a central role in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation in Crohn's disease. The present review focuses on these recent important immunological observations, and discusses several newly developed therapeutic strategies that are based either on blocking proinflammatory cytokines or on the administration of anti-inflammatory cytokines.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Nitric oxide is a short-lived free radical, that is capable of multiple effects at the molecular, cellular, and physiologic levels. Over the past several years, nitric oxide has been proved to play an important role in the healing of various types of wounds. The present review examines the some of the recently defined roles of nitric oxide in normal and pathologic healing.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Osteoarthritis is a joint disease that is characterized by focal degradation of articular cartilage. In addition to the degeneration of articular cartilage, attempts at repair are found in the affected tissue. Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) play a key role, not only in the destructive process, but also in the repair response. It has become apparent that anabolic and catabolic mediators, released from chondrocytes themselves or from other joint cells, drive both destructive and repair activities in the osteoarthritic joint.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Central venous access is frequently used for monitoring and administration of drugs in the intensive care unit, and for administration of parenteral nutrition. The improving results of neonatal surgery have closely followed the evolution of neonatal intensive care and parenteral nutrition. Nutritional support by the parenteral route is required in the majority of cases for only a few weeks. Percutaneous sialastic long line introduced into a central vein through a peripheral venous puncture has emerged as one of the most popular techniques for delivery of parenteral nutrition in neonates.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Children with neurological impairment frequently have difficulties in consuming sufficient energy and other nutrients to maintain adequate nutritional status. Under-nutrition is a significant contributory factor to growth failure. Eating may be distressing and time-consuming for the child and carer. Aspiration of feeds is common and may predispose to chronic chest infections. Gastro-oesophageal reflux is also common and may contribute to significant morbidity. This paper discusses some of the issues involved in the nutritional management of neurologically impaired childen.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID