ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The etiological importance of postprandial lipid metabolism in the development of coronary artery disease is now well established. Since then, the work of Patsch and others has helped to establish the etiological importance of postprandial lipid metabolism in the development of coronary artery disease. Dietary and pharmacological interventions have been shown to produce dramatic improvement in postprandial lipid handling in high risk groups and have potential to prevent coronary artery disease through these effects. Research effort continues to focus on the complex mechanisms which underlie defects in postprandial lipid handling, with a view to understanding how lifestyle variables such as diet can be modified to prevent coronary artery disease.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

HIV protease inhibitors have been successfully incorporated into therapy for patients with HIV. These otherwise efficacious treatments present with multiple metabolic side-effects and body habitus changes known as the lipodystrophy syndrome. Direct associations of the lipid abnormalities with protease inhibitor use have been described, and ongoing studies are focused on describing mechanisms for future intervention. Mechanisms based on the molecular identity of the protease inhibitor target with human proteins, interference with aspects critical to lipoprotein production, and interference with adipocyte differentiation have been described. This review highlights the complexities of this syndrome, and discusses putative mechanisms whereby protease inhibitors cause hyperlipidemia.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Bone remodelling processes are regulated by systemic hormones and a multitude of local and systemic factors, including prostaglandins, cytokines, and growth factors. Dietary fatty acids and their derivatives (eicosanoids) have been a recent focus of investigation on bone and cartilage metabolism. Specific fatty acids are recognized modulators of eicosanoid biosynthesis, signal transduction, and gene expression. The actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids have not been extensively examined in the skeletal system. Promising research on fatty acids and bone remodelling should evaluate the potential effects on pathways for osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Fatty acid patterns divergent from controls have been described in patients with cystic fibrosis. The range of this divergence is very broad. In some patients the plasma fatty acid pattern is normal, others only have abnormalities of a few essential fatty acids, some have fatty acid deviations tending to a reduced essential fatty acid status or have overt essential fatty acid deficiency. In the past, several nutritional interventions were aimed at normalizing deviating fatty acid patterns. Over the years, biochemical findings have been reported that suggest that it may be more beneficial to change fatty acid status in a directed way rather than normalizing it.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by infiltration of T lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells into the synovium, and the initiation of a chronic inflammatory state that involves overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines and a dysregulated T-helper-1-type response. Eicosanoids synthesized from arachidonic acid and cytokines cause progressive destruction of cartilage and bone. The n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid γ-linolenic acid is the precursor of di-homo-γ-linolenic acid. The latter and the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid, which is found in fish oil, are able to decrease the production of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids and to decrease the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and the reactivity of lymphocytes. A number of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of γ-linolenic acid and fish oil in rheumatoid arthritis have shown significant improvements in a variety of clinical outcomes. These fatty acids should be included as part of the normal therapeutic approach to rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is unclear what the optimal dosage of the fatty acids is, or whether there would be extra benefit from using them in combination.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

In the past year, two groups of investigators reported the effects of feeding n-3 and n-6 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on term-infant development. In general, these small randomised studies, along with two recent large randomised clinical trials, one with preterm and one with term infants, confirm and extend data on efficacy from smaller clinical studies reported in the past ten years. In addition, two independent systematic reviews published this year evaluated all but the most recent studies. Both systematic reviews concluded that there were benefits of feeding long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to preterm infants in the short-term and acknowledged the absence of studies to address their effects on long-term visual development in infants. The continuing controversy as to the need for long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids by term infants is highlighted by the different conclusions reached in the systematic reviews. A middle view can also be supported by the data; that is, that fewer term infants than preterm infants can benefit from these fatty acids because of greater long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulationin utero. Differences in intrauterine accumulation of these fatty acids may also play a role in inconsistent results among term studies.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Particular research interest is currently focusing on the resuscitation of the gastrointestinal tract, because the gut is regarded to be both the ‘canary of the body’, i.e. a sentinel organ during situations of compromised oxygen or substrate supply, as well as the ‘motor of multiple organ failure’. Several therapeutic strategies have recently been proposed for the resuscitation of this organ system, aimed primarily at the augmentation of blood flow and oxygenation but also integrating nutritional or metabolic support and antioxidant administration.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Metabolic inter-organ exchange is a major field of research for improving the treatment of the critically ill. Adapting regional blood flows is the first regulatory step, although the relationships between hypoperfusion and metabolic disorders are matter of controversy. Metabolic steady state results from a vast inter-organ interplay and several nutrients or metabolites are signalling molecules in the regulation of gene transcription. Inter- or intra-organ substrate recycling shares or delays the mandatory need for aerobic ATP synthesis in some conditions. Nitrogen metabolism is highly compartmentalised in an inter-organ co-operation and liver, muscle, kidney and gut are the most important organs. By remodelling the amino acid mixture delivered to peripheral cells after intestinal absorption, the liver plays a determinant role in whole body protein synthesis. Albumin turnover increases after brain injury. Since the location of synthesis is different to that of breakdown this turnover can be viewed as an inter-organ exchange. The metabolic side of pH homeostasis is also an inter-organ exchange mainly shared by liver, kidney and muscle.

ISSN:1363-1950    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2001

数据来源: OVID