ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373759

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373760

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Following the successful introduction of its Guidelines for Drinking‐Water Quality in 1984, the WHO Regional Office for Europe was approached by the Government of Italy to develop, as a matter of urgency, recommendations for guideline levels of certain herbicides found in drinking water supplies. Realizing the extent of the problem, the Regional Office for Europe organized two consultations to develop drinking water quality guidelines for the following 11 herbicides most commonly used in Italy: alachlor, metolachlor, pyridate, atrazine, molinate, simazine, bentazon, pendimethalin, trifluralin, MCPA and propanil. The presence of these and other herbicides in ground and surface water has been reported in several countries. Although the main purpose of these guidelines is to provide guidance to the Government of Italy in making risk management decisions, the information given was also intended to assist the other countries of the European Region in setting standards or in developing alternative control procedures where the implementation of standards is not feasible. The purpose of this paper is to review the process of health risk assessment used in the development of the WHO drinking water quality guidelines for selected herbicides. It will also reveal the major dilemmas and concerns expressed by the participating experts during the process of scientific deliberations, in the interests of understanding the complex issues involved in reaching the bare figures of the recommended guidelines.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373761

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Pesticides are registered in Canada under the authority of the Pest Control Products Act, administered by the Department of Agriculture. Pre‐market registration requirements include submission of extensive toxicology data in order to allow evaluation of potential human hazards which may be associated with exposure to pesticides. Drinking water guidelines in Canada, although under provincial jurisdiction, are generally recommended by the federal government with collaboration of provincial authorities. In 1987, 42 pesticides were selected for development of guidelines for drinking water. When complete, the 42 pesticides will represent approximately 80% of all agricultural pesticides utilized in Canada, based on active ingredient weight sold. As do many other regulatory agencies, the Department of National Health and Welfare uses two different approaches to derive health‐based guidelines or maximum acceptable concentrations of pesticides in drinking water. The threshold approach assumes that there is a dose below which no adverse effect will occur. This threshold level is closely related to the experimentally determined no observed adverse effect level and, when divided by an appropriate uncertainty or safety factor, forms the basis for the establishment of the maximum acceptable concentration. The second approach is the non‐threshold or risk assessment approach and this assumes that there is some probability of harm at any level of exposure. This latter approach is generally utilized for chemicals believed to be capable of causing cancer and has not been used for any of the existing 29 pesticide drinking water guidelines developed in Canada.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373762

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Clinical and epidemiological aspects of epidemics of poisoning due to pesticides are reviewed. The 37 cases chosen are divided into four groups on the basis of implication for prevention.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373763

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Pesticide mixtures belong to two categories: (1) non‐intentional mixtures; and (2) intentional mixtures. These will be considered separately.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373764

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373765

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373766

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373767

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652038909373768

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1989

数据来源: Taylor