摘要:

A strategy is presented for investigating toxicoses of unknown origin and following a disease‐oriented approach. The strategy is derived from and illustrated by experience of three large scale outbreaks of disease involving aflatoxicosis in India, intoxication by pyrrolizidine alkaloids fromHeliotropiumspp. in Afghanistan and fromCrotalariaspp. in India.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374134

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Since 1980, systematic efforts have been made by the Joint UNEP/FAO/WHO Food Contamination Monitoring Programme to collect information on dietary intake of various contaminants, exemplified by lead, cadmium and mercury. In 1980–88, average adult intakes of lead varied from 1 to 63μg/kg bw/week, approaching or exceeding the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) of 25μg/kg bw in four countries providing data. Major sources in food and drinking water differed from country to country. A downward trend was observed consequent on reduction in use of lead‐soldered cans and of lead in petrol. Few countries provided data on intakes by infants and children (more vulnerable groups) but the mean exceeded the PTWI in three countries, heavily influenced by levels in water and lowest in infants consuming only breast milk. Average adult intakes of cadmium were, with one exception, below the PTWI of 7μg/kg bw; intakes by children were higher on a body weight basis but still within the PTWI in countries supplying data. Highest levels occurred in offal (mean 320μg/kg) and shellfish (200μg/kg) but, because of amounts consumed, reduction of concentrations in cereals, roots and tubers would be most effective. Important sources of contamination included phosphate fertilizer, sewage sludge, plated/galvanized equipment, enamels and glazes. For mercury, average intakes were below the PTWI (300μg/person; 200μg/person or 3.3μg/kg bw as methylmercury) for adults and for breast‐fed infants. Contributions from fish varied from 20 to 85%; in some countries because of different dietary habits, cereals or meat may contribute similar amounts. Because of inadequate data on food other than fish, intake estimates are biassed and sometimes based solely on typical levels in fish.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374135

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The chemical contamination of foods via industrial activity is varied and widespread with regard to both chemical and occurrence. Such contamination can arise by accident, by intent from regular ongoing industrial activity, and even from subsequent use of manufactured products themselves. The key factors in assessing whether a problem exists within a particular country are recognition and awareness that a problem can existandthe capability to define the extent and severity of the problem. Both factors are heavily dependent on the availability of well‐equipped food control laboratories staffed by dedicated and competent personnel. In some situations the analytical techniques required are ‘state of the art’ involving sophisticated and expensive separations and determinations with extensive quality control procedures. In others, the techniques are much less complicated. In both, however, the production of valid data is paramount. To illustrate some of these differences in approach, details of ongoing Canadian programmes on polychlorinated dibenzo‐dioxins and ‐furans in effluents from pulp and paper millsandon the migration of chemicals from packaging materials are presented.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374136

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Biotoxins derived from bacteria, fungi and algae in food play an important role for development of diseases of unknown aetiology. Furthermore, dietary components modulate their toxicity and carcinogenicity. Current progress on their mode of action postulated the contribution of cytochrome P‐450 system as well as oxygen radicals, and phosphoprotein phospatases are the target of several tumour promoters. For prevention of biotoxin‐mediated development of diseases, a detailed study and information on biological function of dietary components and a possible association between diet/toxins are needed.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374137

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374123

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor