摘要:

The food preservatives, sulphur dioxide and its salts, are known to present some toxic, mutagenic and antinutritional effects; in fact they interact with a number of nutrients, e.g. some vitamins, notably thiamine (Th) and folic acid (FA). The effect of different concentrations of sodium bisulphite in cell culture media has been studiedin vitroon a human cell line, HEp‐2, deriving from a carcinoma of the larynx. Moreover, the sulphites have been tested with different levels of Th and FA with the aim of elucidating how much the cellular response depended on either the anti‐nutritional effect or the toxicity of sulphites. Cell growth has been taken as an index of cytotoxicity and measured both as total protein content and as colony‐forming ability. With no Th and FA in the culture medium, a clear decrease of cell growth was observed either with or without addition of sodium bisulphite. A dose‐dependent reduction of protein content was detected in cells treated with 10, 50, 100, 200, 250 or 500 μM sodium bisulphite. Moreover, when the cells were treated with 10 or 100 μM of this compound, the colony‐forming ability was reduced both in number and colony size. As far as the interaction of the two vitamins with sodium bisulphite is concerned, when these nutrients were present in the medium at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mg/l, a similar growth profile, determined from their concentration, was observed in treated and control cells, the growth levels being affected by the sodium bisulphite contents. At higher levels of Th and FA, the growth index was still increasing only in treated cells, this phenomenon being particularly evident in cultures treated with 200 μM sodium bisulphite. The colony‐forming ability was reduced in controls but still increased in treated cells at the highest concentration of vitamins.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039209374109

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The use of food preservatives, such as benzoic acid, nitrites, and sulphites, as antimicrobials, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid and tocopherols, as antioxidants, has probably changed food production patterns and eating habits more than has the use of any other class of food additive. These food preservative chemicals confer substantial benefits on man, not only by the preservation and increased palatability of food, but also by affording protection against the pathological effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease and aging. Nevertheless, although most preservatives are now considered to be without potential adverse effects and are classified as GRAS, there have been problems concerning the safety of some of these chemicals, including the possibility of allergies from benzoic acid and sulphites, the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines from nitrites, and the possible rodent carcinogenicity of BHA and BHT. The mechanisms of this toxicity at high dosage, the roles of the cytochromes P450, and the generation and scavenging of ROS in the toxicity of these chemicals, are reviewed and discussed.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039209374110

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The toxicology of nitrates, nitrites, and their reaction products, nitrosamines and nitrosamides are discussed in relation to their occurrence in food and formationin vivo.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039209374111

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Oral toxicity studies of sulphite in animals are briefly reviewed. On the basis of a chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of sodium metabisulphite in rats JECFA established an ADI of 0.7 mg SO2/kg using a safety factor of 100. The effects of sodium metabisulphite (1% Na2S2O5) on the composition of semi‐purified rat diets during storage for at least three months have been studied. Under these conditions sulphite induced rancid off‐flavours in diets containing unsaturated fats. The feeding of such stored sulphited‐diets to rats resulted in growth retardation and diminished food efficiency. The extractability of the lipids from these diets was markedly reduced. Extraction with hexane, followed by ethanol extraction did not remove the toxic factor(s). It was suggested that sulphite in stored semi‐purified diets may react with unsaturated fats leading to the formation of polymers of unsaturated fatty acids and/or other toxic substances. It is recommended that special attention is paid to the fatty acid composition of sulphited foods to be stored.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039209374112

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Formaldehyde (FA) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) are used in cheese production to control gas‐forming clostridia; FA also occurs naturally in some foods at levels of 1–20 mg/kg. The toxicology of FA and HMT are briefly discussed together with their reactions in foods. The most abundant end‐product of FA in cheese is spinacine derived from the N‐terminal histidine residue in γ2‐casein. Acute and short term toxicological studies on spinacine enable a No Observed Effect Level of 300 mg/kg body weight/day to be determined, leading to an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for man of 3 mg/kg body weight/day. From these data a Tolerance Level (TL) of 1800 mg spinacine/kg cheese can be derived, leading to a Safety Margin (SM) of 12.9. It is concluded that there is no appreciable health risk from consumption of cheeses made using formaldehyde (Grana Padano) or hexamethylenetetramine (Provolone).

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039209374113

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Community regulation of preservatives is based on Council Directive 64/54/EEC of 5 November 1963, which defined ‘preservatives’ and established an exclusive approved list which Member States could permit. In some instances the Directive set limits on conditions of use and general purity criteria; specific purity criteria were established in a second Directive 65/66/EEC. The base Directive has been amended twenty‐four times and that relating to purity criteria three times.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039209374114

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039209374088

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor