摘要:

In principle, a proper risk assessment for a food chemical requires that the time-frame for food chemical intake estimates matches the time-frame for the toxicological assessments upon which the safety statements (ADI, PTW I, etc.) are based. For food additives, the toxicological assessments are based on exposure over a lifetime. While food consumption data cannot be collected over the lifetimes of individuals, the information should reflect habitual intakes as closely as possible. This study investigated the possibility of combining a 3-day food diary with a food frequency questionnaire to estimate mean consumer-only food intakes comparable to estimates based on a 14-day diary. The study population consisted of 948 teenagers and analysis was based on 32 clearly defined foods. For 47% of the foods, the difference was ≤ 1g/day. When expressed as portion sizes, 56% of the foods showed differences representing <5% of an average portion and no food showed a difference >14% of an average portion. When between-method differences (portions/day) were plotted against the mean of the methods, the mean between-method difference was 0.02 (± 0.06) portions/ day with limits of agreement of -0.10 to 0.14. This preliminary investigation suggests that the combined 3-day diary and FFQ method provides comparable estimates of mean consumer only intakes to a 14-day diary. Therefore, a qualitative FFQ may be a useful adjunct to a food consumption survey of short duration if estimates of longer term food intakes are required.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/026520300283432

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The release of nickel, chromium and lead from electric kettles to water under conditions simulating regular household use was investigated. Ten out of 26 kettles sold on the Danish market released more than 50 μg/l nickel to water, whereas neither lead nor chromium was released in any significant amount. Fifty μg/l of nickel in water was chosen as the threshold of action, because concentrations below this value were considered unlikely to provide outbreaks of eczema for those consumers suffering from contact allergy to nickel, who are also sensitive to the content of nickel in the diet. This first part of the study was followed up by a dialogue between the kettle producers and the Danish authorities, leading to a change of construction or design for those kettles that did not comply with the criteria. As a follow-up study another ten kettles were studied to check whether compliance was improved. Two of these ten kettles still released more than 50 μg/l nickel to water under the test conditions. These two kettles, however, were subsequently withdrawn from the market. Coffee machines tested similarly did not release aluminium, lead, chromium or nickel in quantities of any significance.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/026520300283441

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method based on solid phase extraction was developed for determination of metronidazole (MNZ) and its metabolite hydroxymetronidazole (MNZ-OH) in muscle and skin tissues of rainbow trout. Tinidazole (TNZ) was used as internal standard. The compounds were extracted with acetonitrile and the extract was evaporated and redissolved in a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane (1:2). The extract was cleaned up by solid phase extraction on a silica cartridge. The extract was analysed by reverse phase gradient HPLC on a C18 column followed by ultraviolet detection at 325nm. The limit of detection was 2.8 μg/kg for both compounds in muscle. The estimated limits of detection in skin tissue were 3 μg/kg for MNZ and 5 μg/kg for MNZ-OH. The mean recoveries of MNZ in muscle calculated without use of internal standard were 93% and 81% at levels of 10 μg/kg and 25-100 μg/kg respectively. The mean recovery of MNZ-OH in muscle was 79% at a level of 10–100 μg/kg. The mean relative repeatability standard deviations on spiked muscle tissue were 3.3% for MNZ and 3.2% for MNZ-OH at a level of 107–100 μg/kg. The method was applied to trout given feed containing MNZ in an aquaculture pilot plant. Residues of MNZ and MNZ-OH were detected in muscle and skin tissues shortly after the administration period but not 3 weeks later.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/026520300283450

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to estimate the lead intake from crystalware resulting from short-term contacts with beverages, under conditions that are likely to occur to a consumer. The extraction ability of different kinds of beverages was estimated by comparison with 4% acetic acid under conditions of continuous contact for 3h. It was found that lead release increased in the following order: cola drink > HAc> whisky> white wine. Under conditions of repeated use under different scenarios, lead release showed a steep decrease with increasing number of contacts, for both wine and cola drink. The maximum lead intake resulted from the cola drink, corresponding to an ingestion of 14.5 μg Pb for consumption of 350ml beverage. Assuming a fixed contribution from the diet of 71 μg/day, in the six scenarios taken into consideration, total daily lead intake levels ranged from a minimum of about 76 μg up to a maximum of 86 μg lead. As these values, converted on a weekly basis, would correspond to 35% and 40% PTWI respectively, significant health risks resulting from the ingestion of beverages in contact with crystalware can be excluded. Finally it was found that the use of a dishwasher did not affect significantly the release of lead into wine, while release into cola drink was slightly but significantly increased after the third cycle.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/026520300283469

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Existing ion exchange HPLC methodology for nitrate and nitrite analysis in cured meat products suffers from high analyte variability at low concentrations and also chromatographic interference by artifacts in some other foods, such as dairy products. An investigation into the sources of variability has shown that both the cyclohexyl solid phase extraction cartridge and the glass fibre filter used in the original method can introduce artifacts which interfere with the determination of the nitrate in foodstuffs. We have also found that the use of a graphitized solid phase extraction cartridge used in tandem with the cyclohexyl solid phase extraction cartridge removed the artifacts from the chromatograph of dairy products that co-eluted with nitrite and nitrate. Values for the nitrite and nitrate content of dairy products were obtained by the HPLC procedure using these two solid phase extraction cartridges and the values obtained were in close agreement with those obtained by cadmium column reduction and colorimetry.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/026520300283478

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:2000

数据来源: Taylor