摘要:

The levels of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Zn, Cu, Mn, As and Se were determined in beef and pork imported to Sweden from six different countries. Samples of Swedish beef and pork were included for comparison. The results of this survey showed in most cases little difference in levels of these elements between the countries and agreed well with the results from our previous studies. All results for Pb, Cd, Ni and As were below the detection limits of 0007, 0.001, 0.016 and 0.030 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively. Chromium and cobalt were, in both beef and pork, close to, or below, the detection limits of 0.004 and 0.003 mg/kg fresh wt, respectively. The level of selenium in beef varied considerably between countries, from < 0.030 to 0.18 mg/kg fresh wt. The levels of lead and cadmium from this study differed strongly in some cases from what have been reported in surveys from several countries, among them some countries exporting to Sweden. The importance of a rigorous quality control programme is emphasized.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374462

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Lead release from lead crystal wine glasses was measured at 15 contact times from 1 min to 24 h (1440 min) in 4% acetic acid and wine at room temperature. Lead release at 1 min was equal to approximately 50 and 30% of cumulative lead release measured at 30 and 1440min, respectively, in both extractants. Lead release at 1440 min was 467 ng/ml in acetic acid and 358 ng/ml in wine. Lead release was less in wine (pH 3.14) than in acetic acid (pH 2.39) because of the increased pH and ethanol content of wine. Lead release was also measured under conditions that simulated consumer use. In experiments with chilled and room temperature wine that was steadily removed from vessels during 1–30 min of contact, results were not significantly less than results of experiments in which wine temperature was 20.0 ± 2.5°C and contact area was constant. In repeated‐leaching experiments, the total μg of lead released in 30 min decreased and was a function of 1/L2whereLwas leach number. Wine results fit a linear regression model of lead release vs square root of time which was previously proposed to describe corrosion of lead silicate glass by acetic acid. Slopes and intercepts of the square‐root‐of‐time model were used to explain results of repeated‐leaching experiments.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374463

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In Italy, data on aluminium concentration in food items are scarce although aluminium containers are widely used to cook, to freeze or to wrap foods (foil) and it is known that aluminium can migrate from containers to foods. Therefore, an experimental study was carried out to quantify aluminium exposure from ingestion of actual total diets and from migration from containers to foods in conditions representative of the actual use. Samples of 24h diets were collected, homogenized, lyophilized and the amount of aluminium was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The aluminium concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 2.1 mg/kg of food; the intake of aluminium ranged from 2.5 to 6.3 mg/day. The amount of aluminium migrating from aluminium cookware was determined by cooking various representative foods in aluminium and in glass or stainless steel containers*. From comparison of the results, the increase in aluminium because of migration from cookware was relatively low, with the highest release into acidic and salty foods. The daily intake of aluminium even if all the foods were prepared and stored in aluminium containers would be approximately 6 mg/day, a very low value compared with the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of 7 mg/kg body weight (equivalent to 60mg/dayfor an adult man) established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374464

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Daily dietary intake of 28 trace elements (Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Ge, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Ti, Tl, V and Zn) were estimated from the food intake records (collected by the 24‐h total food duplicate method), taking advantage of recently published trace element composition tables for foods in Japan. Because the number of food items listed in the tables was not sufficient, the calculation was made with not all foods recorded, and the results should be taken as semi‐quantitative. The estimated intake was high (i.e. > 1 mg/day as a median) for Al, Cu, Mg, Mn, Si, Sr and Zn, medium (i.e. 2–985 μg/day) for As, B, Ba, Be, Cr, Ge, Mo, Ni, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn and Ti, and low (i.e. < 1 μg/day) for Cd, Co, Li, Pb and V. Comparison of the present estimates with the reported values in the literature on 15 elements showed that close agreements were observed in the cases of 10 elements (i.e. Al, B, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn) for which the present estimates are above 1 μg/day, whereas the discrepancies were significant for four elements (i.e. Cd, Co, Pb and V) with < 1 μg/day intake. When the expected dietary uptake was compared with that by respiration in the cases of the 16 elements for which the atmospheric concentration data in Japan are available, the uptake was exclusively attributable to the dietary route for all 16 elements with the possible exception of vanadium.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374465

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Lasalocid is a coccidiostat licensed for use in poultry, but not for use in egg‐laying birds. Lasalocid residues were determined in an egg sample from each of 161 egg producers in Northern Ireland using liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, following reports from the Veterinary Medicines Directorate concerning the incidence of lasalocid residues in the United Kingdom. Approximately 66% of the eggs contained lasalocid residues at concentrations in excess of 0.3 ng/g. There was no apparent difference in the incidence of lasalocid residues between free range and battery eggs. Carry‐over of lasalocid from medicated to unmedicated batches of both premix and feed, during milling processes, was identified as a possible cause of contamination. Subsequently, egg‐laying birds were fed meal containing a range of lasalocid concentrations, similar to those found as a result of unintentional contamination at a feed mill (0.1–5.0 mg/kg). The concentrations of lasalocid, measured in their eggs, were similar to that found in the survey. Lasalocid persisted in eggs for 10 days after withdrawal of medicated feed and replacement with lasalocid‐free feed.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374466

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This study represents the second part of an interlaboratory study intended to develop an official modular Community confirmatory method for the detection of β‐agonists in animal feed. Homogeneous pools of primary extracts were prepared by means of an extraction module based on the conclusions of a previous part of this work. The primary extracts were further processed by four laboratories each using a different clean‐up scheme. The final extracts thus obtained were cross‐distributed between the same laboratories and measured either by GCMS or HPLC. Two laboratories (B and D) applied separate clean‐up schemes for clenbuterol and salbutamol. All clean‐up schemes for clenbuterol were found to be compatible with all end‐determination steps. In contrast, for salbutamol clean‐up method D was found not to be compatible with the end‐determination steps applied by laboratories B and C. The results of this study have clearly demonstrated that the clean‐up methods for both clenbuterol and salbutamol applied by laboratory B yielded superior recoveries with an acceptable standard deviation. Therefore, in conclusion to this study, the participating laboratories recommend the clean‐up schemes applied by laboratory B to serve as part of the official Community confirmatory method.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374467

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The potential of an enzyme immunoassay (E1A) with high cross‐reactivity towards the major metabolite (N4‐acetyl‐sulphamethazine) of sulphamethazine was tested for screening fluids and tissues. Healthy pigs were given 20 mg sulphamethazine per kg body weight per day in their drinking water for 2 days. Groups of four pigs were slaughtered after 3, 4 and 7 days withdrawal. The results were compared with liquid chromatographic analysis for urine, plasma, kidney, liver, gluteal muscle and diaphragm. In general, concentrations found by the EIA were higher than those found by liquid chromatography (LC) because sulphamethazine metabolites were detected by the EIA and not by LC. Using the EIA for the detection of sulphamethazine and the major metabolite in urine and plasma, predictive relationships (tissue‐fluid ratios) for the concentration of the parent drug in tissue, determined by LC, were calculated. The tissue‐plasma ratios for muscle, liver and kidney were 0.1, 0.2 and 0.1, respectively. The tissue‐urine ratios for muscle, liver and kidney were 002, 003 and 003, respectively. Owing to the higher concentration of the parent drug in both fluids, the presence of the major metabolite in urine and the sensitivity of the EIA, tissue can be screened for low concentrations of sulphamethazine.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374468

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Treatment of fumonisin B1(FB1)‐contaminated corn with calcium hydroxide solution is known to cause large losses of FB1and formation of the aminopentol AP1by hydrolysis. Methodology was developed for determination of AP1in foods manufactured from calcium hydroxide‐processed corn. The ground food (tortilla chips, nacho chips, taco shells, or airdried corn tortillas) was extracted with methanol‐water (8:2) or methanol‐acetonitrile‐water (25:25:50), which also extracted FB1and fumonisin B2(FB2). Clean‐up for fumonisin determination was carried out on a 1 ml strong anion exchange (SAX) solid phase extraction (SPE) column. The water wash from this column, containing AP1, was cleaned up on a 1 ml C‐18 SPE column. AP1and, separately, FB1and FB2were determined as theiro‐phthaldialdehyde‐mercaptoethanol (OPA/MCE) and, in some cases, 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan (NBD‐F) derivatives by gradient reverse phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Recoveries of AP1, FB1and FB2from spiked samples were generally satisfactory, but FB1and FB2recoveries were low with some samples. Better recovery of FB1with the methanol‐acetonitrile‐water (25:25:50) extraction solvent compared with methanol‐water (8:2) was observed for naturally‐contaminated samples. Detection limits were about 10 ng AP1per g and 20 ng FB1and FB2per g with OPA/MCE derivatization, but there were interferences for FB2. Analysis of 31 samples of alkali‐processed corn foods (including three known already to contain FB1) showed measurable levels of AP1in nine samples, all < 100 ng/g and lower than the corresponding FB1concentrations.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374469

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A survey has been carried out in the UK to determine the levels of mycotoxins in a range of ethnic foods. The survey involved analysis of 121 samples of ethnic foods, purchased from specialist shops, for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and theFusariummycotoxins (fumonisins, zearalenone and trichothecenes). The samples were of cereal and cereal product, fats and oils, nuts and nut products, seeds, spices and herbs, pickles, sauces and a variety of canned vegetable and/or pickle products. Low concentrations of mycotoxins were present in many samples analysed. The types and levels of mycotoxins present varied with the type of sample. The most common contaminants were the trichothecenes and ochratoxin A. Trace levels of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisins and trichothecenes were detected in samples containing cereal, such as rice, noodles, corn flour and pitta bread. Trace levels of aflatoxins and zearalenone were detected in a sample of chilli oil and ochratoxin A in a sample of sesame oil. Only one sample of nut (almond) contained aflatoxin while aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (a trichothecene) were detected in various seeds. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisins were found in chilli paste and zearalenone and ochratoxin A in curry pastes. The highest mycotoxin levels and frequency of occurrence were in chilli powder, curry powder and ginger.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374470

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

One hundred sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii)with an initial weight of about 80 g each were fed on wet pellets (3% of live weight) for about 2 years and bred in part of the cooling water of a thermoelectric power station. Every 3 months five fish were sacrified and muscle samples were collected. Pesticide and PCB concentrations were measured by high resolution gas chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) in the multiple ion detection mode. The mean levels of PCBs and DDT metabolites afer 24 months of breeding were 28.4 ± 2.1 μg/kg d.w. respectively. Values were negligible compared with those observed in other fish species living in the River Po. Furthermore, a remarkable growth of fishes was observed owing to the use of cooling water.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374471

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor