摘要:

The different types of acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) are described as used by the FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and the EEC Scientific Committee for Food (SCF). The allocation is discussed of a full ADI or a temporary ADI, and examples are given for the establishment (or withdrawal) of these ADIs. The flavours cinnamyl anthranillate and the solvent 2‐nitropropane (both withdrawn), the sweeteners cyclamate and saccharin and the antioxidant BHA (all three changed) but not abolished. For BHA and saccharin the ADI was retained by both committees in spite of some evidence of carcinogenicity to experimental animals. ADI—'not specified’ is specially discussed and it is recommended that numerical ADIs are used whenever possible. With an ADI—'not specified’ it should be stated which use (and intake) levels are toxicologically acceptable. Some compounds evaluated by the two committees are discussed, e.g. the colours: Allura red AC, erythrosine, canthaxanthin and the caramels; three anti‐oxidants: BHA, BHT and the gallates; the sweeteners: polyols, aspartame, saccharin and cyclamates.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373963

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The acceptable daily intake (ADI) of food additives and other foreign compounds is derived usually by the application of a 100‐fold safety factor to the ‘no observable adverse effect’ level in animal experiments. This safety factor is recognized as comprising two 10‐fold factors to allow for possible differences between animals and humans, and for possible differences between individual humans. This paper reviews the adequacy of these safety factors in relation to published data on inter‐species and inter‐individual differences in both the kinetics and dynamics of foreign compounds. Although the 100‐fold factor is reasonable, situations can be envisaged where the scientific data base indicates that considerably higher or lower factors would be more appropriate. A scheme is proposed that would allow structured flexibility to be available in the choice of safety factor to be used in the regulation of foreign compounds.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373964

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In the first section the sequence of events is outlined which leads to the author's proposal to consider the concept of acceptable daily intake (ADI) for pesticide residues. He developed his theory referring to specific aspects during meetings with experts on the toxicological evaluation of chemical agents which become introduced into foodstuffs intentionally or unintentionally. These meetings were organized periodically by the European Council or Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committees on food additives (JECFA) or pesticide residues (JMPR). The general principles of the ADI evaluation are briefly described as being based on the determination (after extended absorption) of a no‐effect dose level in an appropriate animal species; followed by the application, for the extrapolation of the results in animals to humans, of safety factors taking into account the inter‐species sensitivity variations and individual sensitivity variations in the groups of essentially heterogeneous human consumers. It is pointed out that the ADI value, which depends on a series of factors, is not a constant, but a guide serving to calculate the admissible limits of diverse chemical agents incorporated in foodstuffs. It must take into account the usual normalities between medium terms of consumption varying a lot with the countries and the various consumer groups. It is clearly noted that, because of the fluctuations in the type and the quantities of absorbed diets, the ADI is in reality anintegrated value with regard to the timea notion that is often forgotten. Other ideas are developed, in particular on the adoption of a temporary ADI and on the concept of a non‐specified ADI.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373965

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A method for the rapid and quantitative determination of aflatoxin B1from small quantities of liver, around 1–2 g, is described. The extraction procedure involves acidification to pH 2 of the aqueous liver homogenates, extraction with chloroform: acetone and HPLC‐fluorimetric detection after derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. Quantitative recovery of aflatoxin B1from chick liver was achieved and detection at levels of 0.2–1 ppb was proved feasible. The aflatoxin B1concentration in chick liver after oral administration is also shown.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373966

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of trichothecenes in representative samples of Finnish and imported cereals and feeds from the 1987 and 1988 crops. Trichothecene concentrations were determined in samples as trimethylsilylether derivatives by a gas chromatograph equipped with a mass selective detector (GC‐MSD) using selected ion monitoring (SIM) which proved to be a reliable and sufficiently sensitive technique. Representative samples of Finnish and imported oats, wheat, barley, rye, maize gluten, soy granules, rapeseed, turnip rapeseed, fish meal, poultry feed and pig feed were analysed employing 19‐nortestosterone as an internal standard. Almost all grain and feed samples contained deoxynivalenol (DON) from 7 to 300μg/kg and smaller amounts (13–120μg/kg) of 3‐acetyldeoxynivalenol (3‐AcDON). The most toxic trichothecenes, T‐2, HT‐2 toxins and nivalenol (NIV) and also zeralenone (ZEN) were found at low concentrations in some samples. Six lots of oats containing l.3–2.6mg/kg of DON and 0.2–0.6 mg/kg of 3‐AcDON were found in the Finnish grain samples. Silo samples of almost all imported grains contained DON but at levels below 50μg/kg. Imported grains contained no other trichothecenes. DON, 3‐AcDON and ZEN were found in imported feedstuffs at low concentrations.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373967

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A new HPLC method for the analysis of ochratoxin A in plasma samples is described. The analysis is performed at an alkaline pH using an ion‐pair technique, fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength 380 nm, and an emission wavelength 420 nm. The detection and quantification limits are 0.02 ng and 0.05 ng ochratoxin A/ml plasma, respectively. The method was used to determine the ochratoxin A content of human plasma samples, collected in three districts of Sweden. The Visby district had a significantly higher proportion of ochratoxin A positive samples and higher levels than the other two districts— Uppsala and Östersund. The calculated daily intake of ochratoxin A in the Visby district (0.35 ng/kg body weight), exceeds the lower tolerable daily intake (TDI) value suggested by Kuiper‐Goodman and Scott (1989). The calculated daily intake by the population on the mainland of Sweden (0.04 ng/kg body weight) is below the proposed TDIs.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373968

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Carrots grown from seed in soils spiked with [14C = O] linuron or [14C‐ring] 3,4‐dichloroaniline (DCA), were found to contain radioactivity equivalent to 0.73 ppm linuron or 0.60 ppm DCA. After exhaustive extraction with methanol these tubers still retained 35% and 67% of the original14C‐bioincurred residues, for linuron and DCA respectively. To examine the bioavailability of these residues, rats were dosed by gavage (water vehicle) with unextracted tubers and extracted tubers. For comparison purposes14C‐spiked carrot tubers and [14C] standards were also administered. Animals were maintained for 3 days in metabolism cages; urine, faeces, expired gases and several tissues were collected for radioassay. The following relative amounts of radioactivity (expressed as a percentage of the applied dose) were excreted (faeces/urine) for linuron or DCA dosing respectively: unextracted carrots, 28/31, 51/10; extracted carrots, 51/0, 73/3; spiked carrots, 11/43, 63/20; and linuron and DCA standards, 11/46, 26/81. The data demonstrated that approximately 31% and 10% of bioincurred14C‐residues (from linuron and DCA respectively) in unextracted carrot tubers were bioavailable to rats.14C‐Bound residues (extracted tubers) were much less bioavailable (0% and 3% respectively). The disposition of radioactivity in tissues, blood and expired gases was very low ( ≤ 1.3% per sample) for any dose studied.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373969

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

During the period 1984–88 several hundred samples of meat, liver and kidney from Swedish pigs and cattle were analysed for lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury. Analysis was performed by AAS and extensive quality assurance was carried out. The mean lead levels in pig meat, liver and kidney were <0.005, 0.019 and 0.016 mg/kg, respectively: the mean levels in the corresponding bovine tissues were <0.005, 0.047 and 0.097 mg/kg. The mean cadmium levels in pig meat, liver and kidney were 0.001, 0.019 and 0.11 mg/kg, whilst those in the corresponding bovine tissues were 0.001, 0.070 and 0.39 mg/kg. The mean arsenic levels in pig meat, liver and kidney were 0.024, 0.023 and 0.019, respectively and those in the corresponding bovine tissues were lower, none exceeding 0.015 mg/kg. The mean mercury levels in pig meat, liver and kidney were 0.009, 0.015 and 0.019 mg/kg respectively, while those in the corresponding bovine tissues were 0.005, 0.006 and 0.010 mg/kg. A decrease in the levels of both arsenic and mercury in pig tissues was found during the period studied, which may be due to a decrease in the use of fish meal in pig feed.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373970

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Although 50 countries have enacted or proposed regulations for control of aflatoxins in food or feed, and 15 of these countries also have regulations for permitted levels of contamination by other mycotoxins, very few countries have formally presented the rationale for the need to regulate, or for the selection of a particular maximum tolerated level. After several successive inquiries, information concerning the rationale for regulation was obtained from 21 countries. Most of the responses concerned limits for aflatoxin in food, and most of these were based on a vague, unsupported statement of the carcinogenic risk for humans. There was a general consensus that exposure to a potential human carcinogen that could not be totally avoided should be limited to the lowest practical level; the definition of practicality depended on whether the country was an importer or producer of the potentially contaminated commodity. A claim to a hazard evaluation was made by six countries (Canada, Belgium, India, United Kingdom, United States, Switzerland) without providing specifics; and one country, South Africa, referred to a risk determination. The most comprehensive rationale for any mycotoxin regulation was provided by the United States in support of limits for aflatoxin in specific animal feedstuffs. The responses provided no rationale for setting limits for other mycotoxins; but scholarly risk assessments for zearalenone and ochratoxin A have been published by Canadian government scientists, and a symposium presentation provides the information that in Norway patulin is regulated for quality control purposes only. It is apparent that, in most countries, either the scientific basis for regulation of mycotoxins is nonexistent, or the science has not been fully utilized. For a common approach to the control of mycotoxin hazards, access to the best available scientific data, and agreement on its interpretation, now appear to be the most important initial steps.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373971

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039109373962

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor