摘要:

The official methods for ‘readily oxidizable substances (ROS)’ in propionic acid as a food additive were compared. The methods examined were those adopted in theCompendium of Food Additive Specifications (CFAS)by the Joint FAO‐WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, FAO,The Japanese Standards for Food Additives (JSFA)by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan, and theFood Chemicals Codex (FCC)by the National Research Council, USA. The methods given inCFASandJSFAare the same (potassium permanganate consumption). However, by this method, manganese(VII) in potassium permanganate was readily reduced to colourless manganese(II) with some substances contained in the propionic acid before reacting with aldehydes, which are generally considered as ‘readily oxidizable substances’, to form brown manganese(IV) oxide. The FCC method (bromine consumption) for ‘ROS’ could be recommended because it was able to obtain quantitative results of ‘ROS’, including aldehydes.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374375

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Eleven organic synthetic dyes, currently or formerly used as food colours in Brazil, were tested to determine their effect on mitochondrial respiration in mitochondria isolated from rat liver and kidney. The compounds tested were: Erythrosine, Ponceau 4R, Allura Red, Sunset yellow, Tartrazine, Amaranth, Brilliant Blue, Indigotine Blue, Fast Red E, Orange GGN and Scarlet GN. All food colours tested inhibited mitochondrial respiration (State III respiration, uncoupled) supported either by α‐ketoglutarate or succinate. this inhibition varied largely, e.g. from 100% to 16% for Erythrosine and Tartrazine respectively, at a concentration of 0.1 mg food colour per mitochondrial protein. Both rat liver and kidney mitochondria showed similar patterns of inhibition among the food colours tested. This effect was dose related and the concentration to give 50% inhibition was determined for some of the dyes. The xanthene dye Erythrosine, which showed the strongest effect, was selected for further investigation on mitochondriain vivo.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374376

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A multiple bioassay technique (FSIS‐USDA) has been evaluated with standard solutions of 38 antibiotics and sulphonamides. Activity patterns at five levels were obtained when antibiotic solutions were assayed on seven plates prepared with different media and microorganisms. A different activity pattern was obtained for the main antibiotic groups: tetracyclines,β‐lactam antibiotics, macrolides and aminoglycosides. Sulphonamides were not detected at levels under 100 μg/ml. This technique, as a post‐screening test for antibiotic residues, can be used after a screening test to identify antibiotic groups to which more specific techniques can be applied for full identification and quantification.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374377

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Six groups of 16 rats each were fed a standard diet for 8 weeks. Aluminium (Al) complexed with organic anions (citrate, lactate, malate or tartrate) was added to the diet of four of the groups and aluminium hydroxide to the diet of one group (control ‘Al +'). Aluminium concentrations in the diets were 1500–2000 mg/kg. The sixth group (control ‘Al ‐ ‘) served as control. Plasma, bone (femur), kidneys, cerebral cortex and cerebellum levels of aluminium were determined at 4 and 8 weeks. All the complexing agents increased tissue accumulations, compared with values in the two control groups, especially citrate in bone and kidneys and lactate in cerebral cortex. There were no significant differences (P< 0.05) in aluminium levels in the tissues considered between the ‘Al +’ and ‘Al ‐ ‘ control groups. Our results show the ability of dietary organic acids to increase aluminium absorption and tissue accumulation and indicate that concurrent intake of aluminium and dietary organic acids is not appropriate.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374378

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Total diet samples purchased at monthly intervals between March 1990 and December 1991 were analysed for different contaminants and nutrients. Each total diet sample included 91 food items which were combined after preparation and/or cooking into 16 groups of similar foods. The ‘market basket’ was based on a food survey which referred to the adult population (25–60 years) carried out in the Basque Country between 1988 and 1990. The dietary intakes (μg/day) of lead (43), cadmium (11), mercury (18), arsenic (291), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (0.2),α‐hexachlorocyclohexane (α‐HCH) (< 0.1),β‐hexachlorocyclohexane (β‐HCH) (0.1),γ‐hexachlorocyclohexane (γ‐HCH) (2.9), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (0.3), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethene (DDE) (0.9), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) (0.2), dieldrin (0.5), heptachlor epoxide ( < 0.1),α‐endosulphan (0.1) andβ‐endosulphan (0.1) were all well below the respective Acceptable Daily Intakes or Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes. However, arsenic intake was much higher than that estimated in other countries andγ‐HCH was detected in anomalously high levels in the bread group. Dietary intakes ofδ‐hexachlorocyclohexane (δ‐HCH), aldrin, endrin, heptachlor and methoxychlor were not calculated because no residues were detected in any of the samples. Aflatoxin M1intake was not estimated owing to the low levels detected. Finally, zinc intakes (11.6 mg/day) were below the recommended dietary allowances for Spain and the same was true for iron (11.3 mg/day), but only for females.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374379

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Lead, an environmental contaminant, originates from a variety of sources. For over two decades, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has made a number of efforts to reduce dietary lead exposure of the general population, and especially of vulnerable subpopulations such as infants and children and, indirectly, the foetus. Through cooperation with infant food manufacturers, reductions of about 80–90% in the lead content of infant foods were achieved, primarily through eliminating the use of cans for infant food products and following good manufacturing practices. Another major reduction in dietary lead was realized by discontinuing the use of lead solder in domestically produced food cans. FDA has also taken steps to minimize or further reduce sources of lead in the diet from lead glazes on ceramicware, leaded crystalware, dietary supplements, bottled water, and lead capsules on wine bottles. These actions have resulted in a considerable decrease in the exposure of the United States population to dietary lead.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374380

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Distribution of intake and lead levels in dietary and non‐dietary sources and of lead absorption were used in a Monte‐Carlo simulation to predict blood lead levels in populations of concern. Blood lead levels were determined with and without particular dietary sources, and added risk was estimated for each source. These calculations permit comparisons of relative risk used to evaluate and limit dietary exposure to lead. Added risk of exposure to lead in wine, calcium supplements and ceramic‐ware, and drinking water were calculated for adult men, pregnant women, and children, respectively.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374381

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

In this paper, a rapid and simple enzymic method is described for the determination of nitrate in 32 fresh and five dry Indonesian milk samples, deproteinized by Carrez reagents. Interference from albumin, casein, lactose and chloride ions was controlled. The calibration graph was linear over the range 1–12.5 μg/ml NO3−;r =0.9998. The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 0.45 μg/ml NO3−and 1μg/ml NO3−respectively. Standard nitrate solutions (10 μg/ml NO3−) were used to evaluate the precision. The results showed an average of 10.1 μg/ml, a standard deviation of 0.3 and a relative standard deviation of 3.4%. Adequate agreement was found between results obtained by the enzymic method and those of the French official reduction/photometric reference method (AFNor). Good recoveries (100% ±5%) were found for nitrate added to milk. The nitrate levels were in the range 1–2.6 mg/kg NO3−for fresh milk and 1.1–18 mg/kg NO3−for dry milk. All the results are in good agreement with those previously published for UK and American milk.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374382

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The effect of cooking on the reduction of ochratoxin A (OA) content in beans(Phaseolus vulgarisL.), variety ‘Carioca’, was evaluated. Beans were placed in glass desiccators at 25°C in equilibrium with 90% relative humidity and inoculated with spore suspensions ofAspergillus alutaceusBerk. & Curt, (formerlyA. ochraceusWilh.) NRRL 3174, an ochratoxigenic strain. After 10 days, samples were taken, analysed for their OA content, and then cooked under pressure, with and without previous soaking. It was observed that cooking caused a substantial reduction in the levels of OA (up to 84%). This effect was even more pronounced when the bean grains were soaked in the water for 12h before cooking under pressure, at 115°C, for 45 min.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374383

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Ochratoxin A is a common contaminant in Danish cereals, and surveillance of ochratoxin A in cereals has been a part of the Danish monitoring system since 1986. Occurrence of ochratoxin A is highly related to the climatic conditions during harvest. Rye is the crop which is most often contaminated and contains the highest levels of ochratoxin A. The result of the survey period from 1986 to 1992 (total of 1431 samples) together with food consumption data is the basis of intake calculations. Especially in years with wet weather during harvest, the daily intake of ochratoxin A for some individuals in the Danish population could reach levels which exceed the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for ochratoxin A of 5 ng/kg bw suggested by The Nordic Working Group on Food Toxicology and Risk Evaluation. A maximum limit of 5 μg ochratoxin A per kg cereal would keep the daily intake below 5 ng/kg bw.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039609374384

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1996

数据来源: Taylor