摘要:

The key elements of programmes for monitoring food contamination are reviewed in relation to their purposes, scope and priorities. Attention is drawn to the requirements and quality assurance of procedures for sampling and analysis, and methods of handling and processing analytical surveillance data. The benefits to be derived from national monitoring programmes are improved food safety, warning of problems of contamination, provision of intake data for evaluation of health hazards, better management and use of natural resources, supply of data on environmental pollution and reliable information on food safety for the public, and provision of a means of checking the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms and planning technological developments.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374124

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

One of the most important factors in assessing risk to human health from potentially harmful chemicals in foods is the availability of good data on the exposure of the public to such substances. The means of acquiring these data generally involves monitoring programmes using appropriate sampling procedures and reliable analytical methods for measuring the compounds of concern in a variety of substrates.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374125

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The putative involvement of mycotoxins in human diseases, including cancer, is reviewed with reference to ergotism, citreoviridin toxicosis, alimentary toxic aleukia, stachybotryotoxicosis, Balkan endemic nephropathy and aflatoxicoses. Analytical and sampling problems in determining the occurrence of and exposure to mycotoxins are discussed against the background that over 300 mycotoxins have been identified, produced by some 350 fungal species, and that the potency of some of them demands the quantitation of extremely small quantities of analyte.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374126

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Currently, more than 50 countries have enacted or proposed regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed. There are various factors that may influence the establishment of tolerances for certain mycotoxins, such as the availability of toxicological data, the availability of data on dietary exposure, the distribution of mycotoxins over commodities, legislation of other countries with which trade contacts exist, and the availability of methods of analysis. In practice, only few countries have formally presented the rationale for the need to regulate, or for the selection of a particular maximum tolerated level, as a recent international enquiry demonstrated.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374127

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Recent advances in analytical methods are reviewed using the examples of aflatoxins and trichothecene mycotoxins. The most dramatic advances are seen as being those based on immunological principles utilized for aflatoxins to produce simple screening methods and for rapid specific clean‐up. The possibilities of automation using immunoaffinity columns is described. In contrast for the trichothecenes immunological methods have not had the same general impact.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374128

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Unquestionably, prevention is the best method for controlling mycotoxin contamination. Should the contamination occur, however, the hazard associated with the toxin must be removed if the product is to be used for food or feed purposes. Decontamination procedures currently used are based on (a) physical, chemical, or biological removal, or (c) physical or chemical inactivation. Ammoniation of corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and meals to alter the toxic and carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin contamination has been the subject of intense research effort by scientists in various government agencies and universities worldwide. Engineers have devised workable systems of treatment of whole seeds, kernels, or meals; chemists have identified and characterized products formed from the reaction of aflatoxin B1with ammonia with and without a meal matrix; biochemists have studied the biological effects of these compounds in model systems; and nutritionists have studied animal responses to rations containing ammoniated or non‐ammoniated components. This review describes these studies as well as other potentially useful decontamination processes. The results of aflatoxin/ammonia decontamination research demonstrate the efficiency and safety of ammoniation as a practical solution to aflatoxin detoxification in foods and animal feeds.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374129

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Most experimentation dealing with analytical methodology in the physical and biological sciences has been conducted within a single laboratory. Method validation by other laboratories was considered not only unnecessary but also detrimental because, in the words of one commentator, ‘the results are too variable’. Within the last two decades, however, largely as a result of the requirements of international environmental and food standards programmes, it has become increasingly apparent that a collaborative interlaboratory study is the only way to estimate the variability characteristics of methods of analysis as performed by the typical population of laboratories using the methods. To obtain a common basis for measuring the statistical characteristics of analytical methods, representatives of almost two dozen international organizations meeting in Geneva, in May 1987, approved by consensus a protocol for the design and interpretation of data from collaborative studies of chemical methods of analysis.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374130

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A brief summation of the methods for detection of each of the marine toxins is presented in this report. The toxins are brevetoxin (PbTx), palytoxin (PTX), okadaic acid (OA), paralytic shellfish toxins (PSP) and ciguatoxin (CTX). The immunological and biotechnical procedures developed for each of these toxins are reviewed. Details of the recent methodology (solid‐phase immunobead assay) for detection of ciguatoxin and related polyethers with monoclonal antibodies and receptors are presented. The capabilities of immunological technology for assessment of toxins in seafood products are promising and will probably be widely used in the future for seafood monitoring.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374131

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The general methodology employed in the development of an immunological assay system is initially described. These include: (a) the methods and reagents used for coupling low dalton epitopes; (b) selection of appropriate immunogenic carriers; (c) mode of administration and choice of animal; and (d) the method of assessing the antibody produced. The background and methodology, using ciguatoxin as a model, are presented. The stick enzyme immunoassay (S‐EIA) has proven of value to evaluate implicated fish for verification of ciguatera poisoning and for screening of fish associated with ciguatera prior to consumption. No false negatives have occurred with the stick enzyme immunoassay system to date.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374132

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

All countries need to ensure that national food supplies are safe, of good quality and available in adequate amounts at affordable prices to ensure good nutrition and health for all population groups. The enforcement of food standards by efficient national food control authorities in domestic markets and at the points of import and export has been increasingly recognized as a means of raising the value of exported goods by reducing the number of rejected or reconditioned consignments, and of ensuring the safety of the food and its acceptability by the final consumer. However, those national efforts have sometimes induced some non‐tariff barriers to food trade and distribution. In addition, new developments in the technologies of food production, processing and marketing pose a new challenge to ensure safety of food. The strengthening of national food control infrastructures in particular in developing countries including the strengthening of staff capabilities, the need for harmonization of food at international levels, the need for collection and exchange of data on food control and food contamination issues are essential elements to ensure food safety in the world. International cooperation has an important role to play in achieving these essential elements.

ISSN:0265-203X    

DOI:10.1080/02652039309374133

出版商:Taylor & Francis Group    

年代:1993

数据来源: Taylor