摘要:

This sketch of the history of psychiatry since 1886 comprises the following points: cocaine addiction; psychoanalysis; sexology; psychiatric clinics and their recent abolition in Italy; nosology; heredity and environmental factors in mental disease; therapeutics.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285123

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A critical review of evidence about the following issues is presented: frequency of depression, clinical picture of depression, suicide, treatment, appearance of disease, terminology, and future trends. In each instance questions that have remained unanswered and may deserve scientific investigation are listed. Although much has been learned already, numerous problems remain unsolved. It is concluded that properly conducted crosscultural research can yield results which can help to resolve the conundrum of depression and respond to the challenge which depression poses to the society, to public health authorities and to the individuals who suffer from it.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285124

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Classification of depressive states is at the present time an open issue. Depression is ambiguously defined, either as a syndrom, or as a disease whose manifestation can be the depressive syndrom or other pathological manifestations (depressive equivalents). No agreement exists about the basic problem of the categorial or the dimensional nature of the classification, the later having being recently supported by several authors. The paper discusses the most commonly used classifications: the primary-secondary dichotomy, the ICD 9 and the DSM-III and especially the central problem of the endogenous-non endogenous dichotomy.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285126

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The published prevalence rates of depressive disorders have steadily increased during the last 20 years. Despite many methodological and social cultural influences, the increase seems to be real and reasons for this trend are given. Among them, the increase of life expectancy, the urbanization, and the possibility for effective treatment are the most important. Among the interfering variables, symptom changes like actually from depression to anxiety should further be investigated.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285127

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The focus of this review will center on the Epidemiology of affective disorders in Latin America. The prevalence seems to be very similar in the general population. Argentina reports 12%, Chile 15.3%, Dominican Republic 9.8% and Peru 11%. In non-psychiatric outpatient program, the prevalence is 53% in Costa Rica, 40% in Cuba, 39% in Dominican Republic and 19% in Mexico. Women outnumber men in all samples. There are reports of higher prevalence in special groups: Mariategui found 25% in Lima and Vega 26% in Mexico. It is suggested that the Latin American Socio-Economic situation may be an important determinant of these high rates.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285128

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Depressive disorders constitute one of the major mental health problems. The cross and intracultural differences in etiology, clinical features and course and outcome vary maximally in depressives than in any other mental illness, and epidemiological studies have been a major strategy to delineate the same. In this report the author has attempted to review available Indian epidemiological literature in the field of depressive disorders, and suggestions have been provided for improving the quality of future research in this area.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285129

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In the modern world the recognition, understanding and treatment of bereavement in recent widows, widowers, those who experienced severe medical and surgical trauma, and victims of disasters is essential for all physicians, rescue workers such as the International Red Cross, and the community in general. This paper reviews the consequences of personal encounters with catastrophic events, as well as methods of immediate and long-term management. Similarly, the dynamic manifestations and treatment of psychologic dissonance in the family of victims, the community, and survivors are addressed. Of special interest are the problems of rescue workers, witnesses and reporters involved in disasters.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285130

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Onset, course, and outcome of affective disorders were studied prospectively – at 5-year intervals, until 1980 – in 406 patients admitted to the Psychiatric University Hospital, Zurich, between 1959 and 1963. A few results are summarized. Bipolar I and bipolar II disorders take a very similar course. The distinction between unipolar depression and bipolar affective disorder, and the separation by presence or absence of psychotic features (delusions and hallucinations), and then again by mood congruence, are of high prognostic value.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285131

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Vital depression must be diagnosed when the patient complains of fatigue, oppressive feelings of heaviness and narrowness as well as inhibition of thinking and acting and when such symtoms are more obvious in the morning than in the afternoon or evening. Besides there is an inability to experience pleasure and to pursue interests. Vital depression however is the target symptom for the indication of treatment with specific antidepressants. This applies not only to endogenous but also to reactive depressions and to various other psychiatric diseases at the bottom of which vital depressive symptoms can be found when investigated.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285132

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

A clinical survey indicates a similar incidence of depression in old age and Parkinson’s disease. Divergencies, therefore, are apparent, when the biochemical basis of depression is related to the pathobiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and endogenous depression. However, a common biological concept for endogenous depression and depression in PD is possible by assuming that neurotransmission can operate at various levels of homeostasis. Then depression is the behavioral correlate rather of regional changes that disturb this homeostasis. Therefore, the incidence of depression in old age and PD is similar.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000285133

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1986

数据来源: Karger