摘要:

Within the framework of an ongoing cross-national study of hospitalized depressed patients the symptomatology of age, sex and diagnosis matched depressives consecutively admitted to a University Department of Psychiatry in Budapest, Hungary and in Umeå, Sweden has been compared. Only minor differences in symptomatology were detected between the two groups.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284472

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Fifty-five patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa hospitalized between 1970 and 1975 in the Departments of Psychiatry and Internal Medicine of the University of Padua were recalled between 1981 and 1983. Forty patients (73%) participated in this follow-up study. At follow-up, using the criteria of Garfinkel et al., 15 patients (37.5%) had an ‘excellent’ outcome, 10 (25 %) were ‘much improved’, 7(17.5%) were ‘symptomatic’, 6(15 %) had a ‘poor’ outcome and 2 (5%) were deceased. There was, generally, a more marked improvement in weight and menses than in eating habits and mental state. We also found that percentage weight loss, depressive symptoms, abnormal attitudes towards food and weight, the association vomiting/laxative abuse and sexual relations are all significantly associated with a poor outcome. Results are compared with a review of existing literature.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284473

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

In the United States, depression is the most common psychiatric disorder and is the psychiatric problem most often seen by the generalist. Thus, it is essential for the primary-care physician to have a thorough understanding of the diagnosis and management of depression. Patients often present with complaints such as weight loss, appetite changes, sleep disturbances, pain, psychomotor agitation or retardation, decreased sexual drive, loss of energy, and somatic complaints. When depression is suspected, the clinician should first rule out secondary depression attributable to other psychiatric or medical illnesses, or medications. In addition, certain age categories – children, adolescents, and elderly individuals – have characteristic symptoms and behavior patterns suggestive of depression. Identifying the suicidal patient is another important aspect in the treatment of depressed individuals. In addressing this issue, questions have been formulated to help identify patients who may be potentially suicidal. Treatment modalities for depression include exercise regimens, psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy. The standard pharmacotherapy has been the administration of tricyclic antidepressant agents; newer drugs are currently available that have comparable efficacy, and perhaps better safety profiles than the tricyclic agents.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284519

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The present paper examines in a group of 48 schizophrenics, whether spontaneous fluctuations (SF) in electrical skin conductance show a relationship to psychiatric symptomatology. Subjects participated in an experiment that delivered nonsignal auditory stimuli. Their clinical state was assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation (NOSIE). An additional set of factors with a possible influence on SF rates was also taken into account. A stepwise regression analysis showed BPRS Activation and NOSIE Manifest Psychosis to be of significance, the BPRS subscale displaying a positive and the NOSIE subtest a negative partial correlation to SF frequency. Results are discussed with regard to their implication for experiments using tonic electrodermal measurement; they are also compared with the literature on phasic electrodermal arousal.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284474

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Manifestations of sleep disturbances can potentially serve as external criteria for the diagnosis of specific subtypes of major depressive disorder (MDD). Depressed patients generally experience disturbances of sleep continuity and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Disturbances in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (stages III and IV) also occur. Characteristic of primary sleep disturbance in many depressed patients are shortened REM latency periods and instabilities in NREM sleep identified by increases in the number of stage shifts, decreases in the duration of stage III and IV sleep, and a shift towards lighter sleep stages (sleep efficiency disturbances). Treatment modalities for these sleep disturbances include sleep deprivation therapy and antidepressant therapy. Sleep deprivation alone has been only moderately successful, while antidepressant therapy usually results in symptomatic improvement. To restore normative sleep, REM sleep periods and stage III and IV sleep must be returned to normal. Trazodone therapy has been shown to reduce the frequency of arousals, the severity of drowsiness, and the duration of REM sleep, and increase restorative slow wave sleep and stage III and IV NREM sleep.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284520

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The aim of this study is to derive a system of classification of compulsive phenomena occurring in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). 461 compulsions were found in 65.53% of 412 patients seen during the decade 1975 to 1984. An attempt has been made to break down the compulsions observed into different categories of form and content. The rationale for such a classification has been presented, and earlier attempts at classification of compulsions reviewed.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284475

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Weighted kappa and random error coefficient was used to determine inter-rater reliability of a proposed classification of obsessions and compulsions. A high reliability was found between 3 raters for obsessive and compulsive form and content. This classification allows for greater precision in classifying obsessive-compulsive phenomena in research.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284476

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

This paper reviews clinically oriented manuscripts published over the last 5 years dealing with US experience with trazodone. Three major questions are addressed. First, there is ample documentation that trazodone is an effective antidepressant with results comparable to the tricyclic antidepressant agents in treating major depressive disorders. Second, trazodone offers significant safety advantages over other antidepressant drugs in overdose and has remarkably low levels of anticholinergic properties. Third, it is concluded that the unique structure of this drug and the balance between efficacy and side-effect profile combine to offer the clinician an interesting and potentially important treatment for depression.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284521

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

The present study investigates the relationship between affective mood state as assessed by self- and hetero-rating scales and information processing of negative versus positive emotional stimuli in unilateral brain-damaged patients. Results show a high positive correlation between depressive mood scores and rating of self-awareness. Left brain-damaged (LBD) patients do not differ significantly from right brain-damaged (RBD) patients on both rating scales. RBD patients mismatch negative emotional stimuli in the nonverbal matching task. Results are discussed with reference to interaction between expression of emotion and cognition. The selective neglect of negative information is interpreted as a more basic emotional impairment.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284477

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger

摘要:

Trazodone is an atypical antidepressant with additional anxiolytic effects. Recent European experience with trazodone is reviewed with respect to antidepressant efficacy, side effects (particularly anticholinergic), anxiolytic actions, cardiotoxicity, overdosage, and use in the elderly. From the data presented in this paper it is concluded that trazodone is effective both as an antidepressant and as an anxiolytic agent, with few side effects and low cardiotoxicity. It is safer than tricyclic antidepressant agents in overdosage and better tolerated in the elderly patient.

ISSN:0254-4962    

DOI:10.1159/000284522

出版商:S. Karger AG    

年代:1987

数据来源: Karger