摘要:

ABSTRACTLocomotor activity of individual blowflies,Phormia(=Protophormia) terraenovaeR.D. (Diptera, Calliphoridae) was recorded by means of running wheels. A few days after emergence, adult flies were placed in the wheels and exposed to at least two of four light‐dark cycles (LD) differing in cycle durationT(LD 11:11, 12:12, 13:13 and 14:14 h). The intensity of illumination was 400 lux in L and 2 lux in D. From the actograms, phase‐angle differences were read off between onset of activity and light‐on (ψ/onset), and between end of activity and light‐off (ψend)‐ Within the range of entrainment, ψ changed systematically from negative values inT=22 h to positive values inT=28 h: the mean change in ψ per hour change inT, expressed in degree of the full circadian cycles, was 20o. Standard deviations of ψ around its mean were computed for ten‐cycle intervals; in ψonsetand in ψendstandard deviation was minimal when 4ψ was close to zero, and increased steadily with increasing negative or

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00499.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTNineta pallida(Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) larvae were reared at 21CC under various stationary photoperiods. The duration of the first stadium varied with daylength. Long‐day regimes (LD 18:6 and 16:8 h) induced the fastest development, whereas the first ecdysis was more or less delayed in LD 14:10 and 13:11 h. Medium days (LD 12:12 h) resulted in the longest duration of the first stadium and high mortality, and all shorter days (LD 10:14, 8:16 and 6:18 h) in a moderate delay in the first ecdysis in all individuals. The facultative delay in development is thought to be a diapause, and viewed as a factor contributing to the annual synchronization of the life cycl

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00500.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe genetic basis of pheromone titre in the pink bollworm moth,Pectinophora gossypiella(Saunders), was examined through artificial selection for females that produce greater amounts of the sex pheromone [a mixture of (Z,E)‐ and (Z,Z)‐7,11 ‐hexadecadieny 1 acetates]. Mean (±SD) pheromone titre increased by 91%, from 24.0±8.1 to 45.8±7.9 ng per female, in six generations of selection. No change in component ratio was observed within the selected line. The duration of male wing fanning, measured in a still‐air bioassay, did not change in the female‐s

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00501.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFemales of gypsy moth,Lymantria disparL. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), mated to males kept in constant light (LL) as pharate adults fail to oviposit. In males, a rhythm of sperm release from the testis that occurs in light‐dark (LD) cycles is abolished in LL, and the total amount of sperm released from the testis is approximately half of that of LD males. Moreover, any sperm that may be released from the testis of LL males tend to remain in the vasa deferentia instead of moving into the duplex as in LD males. Consequently, in LL very few sperm bundles are transferred to the bursa copulatrix during mating; furthermore, these bundles fail to disperse into spermatozoa and sperm do not reach the spermatheca. The presence of a spermatheca filled with sperm must play an important role in controlling oviposition because their removal from mated females prevents egg‐laying. Our results indicate that the rhythm of sperm release from the testis is essential for the ability of sperm to migrate in male and female reproductive tracts. The rhythms may help to synchronize final stages of sperm development with the activity of phagocytic and secretory cells lining the reproductive tr

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00502.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTeneral tsetse flies,Glossina morsitans morsitansWestw., were injected with labelled caesium (137Cs)4 days were well fitted by the sum of two exponentials but no smooth function was found to fit all three phases. The loss rate from the rapidly metabolized pool increased exponentially with temperature at the same rate as for male tsetse kept in the dark in the laboratory. However, the loss rate in the field was lower at every temperature, suggesting that these flies live at 2–6oC lower than the average Stevenson screen temperature. Published estimates of hunger cycle and daily flight durations, made on the basis of measured rates of caesium excretion, are invalid because they use the assumption that flies are living in the field at screen temperatures. The data suggest that both sexes have the same metabolic rate up to the age of about 15 days, which implies that the females (being larger and having to nourish a larva in the latter stages of this period) must be less active and/or live at even lower temperatures t

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00503.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTIn the Mediterranean field cricket,Gryllus bimaculatusde Geer, two immunochemically distinct female specific proteins were identified in haemolymph (Vg I and II) and in vitellogenic oocytes (Vn I and II). The corresponding Vgs and Vns seem to be immunochemically identical. On polyacrylamide gels Vg I and II as well as Vn I and II could not be clearly separated because Vg I and Vn I produced broad bands. The Mrs of both Vgs and Vns are approximately 525 kD. Upon dissociation by sodium dodecyl sulphate the Vgs and Vns each yielded at least nine polypeptides in the range of 50–215 kD. Haemolymph Vg titres were determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. The time of first appearance of Vg is temperature‐dependent and correlates with the onset of Juvenile Hormone synthesis by the corpora allata. Peak values of Vg were 17 μg μl‐1haemolymph in normal vitellogenic females. After ovariectomy, Vg appeared at the normal time, but then increased to about 55 μg μl‐1haemolymph. Ovariectomy also resulted in an accumulation of Vg in the fat bodies. Enforced virginity did not affect the haemolymph Vg titre. In allatectomized or head‐ligated females no Vg/Vn was detectable. Topical application of 100 μg Methoprene onto head‐ligated females induced Vg synthesis, whereas injection of 20‐hydroxyecdysone did not i

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00504.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe fat free dry weight or residual dry weight of the thorax (Trdw) increased linearly for the first 10 days of adult life in both sexes ofG.pallidipesin the laboratory as their flight muscles developed. Using ovarian dissection to estimate the ages of nulliparous adult females ofG.pallidipes, the Trdw was also found to increase linearly for at least 14 days in the field. Significant increases in pteridine fluorescence with age were measured in both laboratory‐reared males and females of known chronological age and in wild‐caught nulliparous females whose ages were estimated by ovarian dissection. A linear relationship existed between pteridine fluorescence and wing fray category for a wide range of ages of field‐caught flies of both sexes. A stationary trap baited with ox odour was selective in that only the hungrier portion of the flies attracted to it actually entered. However, it was not selective in terms of the mean ages of flies caught. Comparisons were made of the age compositions of catches of both sexes ofG.pallidipesattracted to a stationary trap baited with synthetic odours or to a mobile electrified net by plotting Trdw values against pteridine fluorescence. Nulliparous females were not attracted to the stationary trap, but were attracted to the mobile bait. Males of all ages appeared to be equally attracted to both. It is concluded that nulliparous females do not respond to host odour stimuli until they are ready to mate, perhaps relying on the energy‐conserving strategy of watching for a moving host animal before attempting to feed. Alternatively, synthetic odours may differ from natural host odours in terms of their attractiveness to young females. Males, however, probably exhibit dual sexual and feeding behaviour by responding to an odour‐baited stationary trap even w

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00505.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTA new supravital staining technique is described for honey bee,Apis melliferaL., spermatozoa using the fluorochromes, propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 (H342), a bis‐benzimidazole derivative. Propidium iodide binds to the DNA of sperm which lack membrane integrity and H342 binds to the DNA of all sperm. This assay is a simple and rapid method for determining the percentage nonviabiiity of a male honey bee's sperm. The recommended staining procedure is to incubate sperm in a solution of 5 μ.g/ml H342 and 10 μ.g/ml propidium iodide in modified Kiev solution for 15–20 min. After incubation, wet mounts of the sperm‐stain suspension are examined using fluorescence microscopy. Percentage nonviabiiity is determined by the ratio of propidium iodide stained sperm to H342 staine

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00506.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe sex pheromone of the female white peach scale,Pseudaulacaspis pentagona(Targioni‐Tozzetti), is released by newly‐mature females to correspond with the daily eclosion rhythm of males. As with male eclosion, pheromone release commences relative to the onset of light and is suppressed by increasing temperature. Once pheromone release begins it is maintained until the initiation of the scotophase. Pheromone release does not occur during the scotophase. When sexually mature females remain unmated for 5 days, the release of pheromone begins earlier in the day than it does with newly mature fema

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00507.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTAn account of the structure of the secondary genitalia of maleOrthetrum coerulescens(Fabricius) is given together with an outline of the internal genitalia of the female. Observations on the experimental inflation of the penis are described. No sperm was released during fast inflations and deflations of the penis, but sustained inflation of the penis led to the release of a clear fluid followed by the slow discharge of sperm. Examination of natural copulations in the field has shown that rapid rhythmic movements at up to 5 Hz take place in the male's third abdominal segment throughout most of copulation, but towards the end they cease though inflation is maintained. It is suggested that the rapid movements coincide with the removal of rival sperm from the female and that sperm is transferred to the female only during the maintained inflation. Possible mechanisms of sperm translocation, sperm removal and sperm transfer are discussed with reference to male and female genital structures and the action of relevant muscles.

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1990.tb00508.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY