摘要:

ABSTRACT.Daily cyclic activities in various behaviours were similar in three species of tropicalOncopeltus(Heteroptera, Lygaeidae). Opposition in females and general movement in both sexes peaked in the middle to late light period. In contrast, feeding and mating peaked at the end of the light period and the beginning of the dark respectively. Other behaviours also tended to display one or the other of these patterns. The diel timing of behaviour observed in this study essentially duplicated the periodicities of a migratory population ofOncopeltus fasciatusfrom Iowa. The similarity of results across species and populations suggests a general pattern for the genus which probably serves to synchronize behaviours with environmental cycles and appropriate physiology. This similarity is interesting in view of the broad geographical range of the genus across both temperate zone and tropics and in view of the differences among populations with respect to photoperiodic determination of diapause.

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00354.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Previously we have shown that the number ofApanteles congregatusSay (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) larvae developing inManduca sexta(L.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) larvae that are parasitized in the first instar determines the timing of emergence of the parasites from the host. Here we show that the first larval ecdysis of the wasps occurs after the host ecdyses to the terminal stage, regardless of whether that stage is the host's fourth, fifth or supernumerary sixth instar. Starvation of newly ecdysed terminal stage host larvae prevents emergence of the parasites. When starvation is begun at progressively later times, then an increasing proportion of the hosts have parasites that emerge, suggesting a period of indispensable host nutrition exists during which the host must feed to satisfy the developmental requirements of the parasites. In hosts fedad libitum, the weight of the host plus its parasites at the time of emergence is positively correlated with the number of parasites developing in the host. When the weight of the parasites alone is subtracted from the weight of the host—parasite complex, the data show that heavily parasitized hosts have a larger host mass than lightly parasitized larvae. In contrast, the wasp larvae, and the adult males and females that develop from them, have lower individual weights after development in heavily parasitized host

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00355.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.InSarcophaga bullataand other blowflies, the low haemolymph ecdysteroid titre is responsible for the inability of males to synthesize vitellogenin, although they have the genes coding for this protein. The high moulting hormone titre in females is of crucial importance for vitellogenesis. In this context we investigated whether the difference in protein ingestion between the sexes might also be related to differences in ecdysteroid titre. Using a two‐choice system, we observed that upon addition of ecdysterone to the food, protein ingestion increased in males. Topical application of methoprene also had a stimulating effect. Prolonged treatment with ecdysterone reduced the copulatory behaviour of male

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00356.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Differences were found in duration of diapause, as measured by days to first oviposition following adult eclosion, between femaleOncopeltus fasciatus(Dallas) mated with maleO.sandarachatus(Say) (mean =55 days), and those mated with their brothers (mean =99 days). Under the same conditions (LD 11:13 at 23°C),O.sandarachatuspairs showed no delay in reproduction (mean = 12 days). MaleO.sandarachatusexhibit greater sexual activity than maleO.fasciatus, and it is postulated that this behaviour may play a significant role in determining the length of diapause in the female

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00357.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The locomotor activity patterns of wildtypeDrosophila melanogasterand the mutantsso(sine oculis) andsol(small optic lobes) were investigated. In all strains the proportions showing circadian rhythmicity, arrhythmicity and more complex patterns which could not be thus classified were similar. The occurrence of abnormal activity patterns is thus not a property of the mutation as previously claimed (Mack&Engelmann, 1981). In flies with a distinct circadian rhythmicity, the period lengths (τ) varied between strains, τ for wildtype Italy and the mutantsowas longer than for wildtype Berlin and the mutantsol.As different τ's have been reported by others, τ does not seem to be closely determined forDrosophila melanogaster.Many flies exhibited two rhythms simultaneously, one with τ shorter and one with τ longer than 24 h, apparently implying two‐oscillator control of the locomotor activity. The eyelesssomutants were entrained by LD cycles, so the compound eyes are not necessary, andsomust possess the relevant photoreceptor(s) elsewhere. This may therefore also be true for the wildtype. Histology of thesoadults revealed no correlation between the degree of reduction in the medulla and the occurrence of abnormal activity patterns. Since the only structures common to the medulla ofsoandsolare known to be large tangential cells, it is concluded that either they are of importance for the rhythmic system, or the oscillator(s) controlling locomotor activity is (are) not located in the

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00358.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Female monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus(L.) were collected from clusters in the Sydney region at weekly intervals after cluster formation. They were neck‐ligated and injected with juvenile hormone (JH) in order to test for any period of lowered JH sensitivity during the non‐reproductive clustering phase. Response was assessed by production of mature oocytes. In all weekly samples, the mean response was equal to or greater than that of newly emerged females reared and maintained in optimal conditions, and was substantially higher than that reported for diapausing monarchs in North American clusters. The result is further evidence for the absence of a true reproductive diapause in New South Wales populati

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00359.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Male oriental fruit moths,Grapholitha molesta(Busck) (Tortricidae), continue to zigzag along a pheromone plume to the source in zero wind, if they have started flight with wind on. If the pheromone source is removed and the plume is hence truncated, moths flying in zero wind out of the end of the plume into clean air increase the width of their reversals and the angles of the straight legs of the tracks so they are more directly across the former wind line. Such moths reach the source less often than do those flying along a continuous plume. The males continue to zigzag up a plume in zero wind, apparently by a combination of sequential sampling of concentration along their path and the performance of an internal, self‐steered programme of track reversals (zigzags) whose frequency increases with concentration. Visual feedback may aid in the still‐air performance of the zigzags. We propose that both the sequential sampling (longitudinal klinotaxis) and self‐steered counter‐turning programme also are used in wind as well; anemotaxis apparently polarizes the direction of the zigzags to result in upwind displacement, and the narrow zigzags caused by the higher concentration in the plume keep the male ‘locked on’ t

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00360.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The flight response of individual male Oriental fruit moths,Grapholitha molesta(Busck), was observed in a sustained‐flight tunnel to 100 blend–dosage combinations of the three sex pheromone components: (Z)‐ and (E)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate and (Z)‐8‐dodecen‐l‐ol (1, 3, 10, 30 and 100 μg of Z8‐12: AC with, 2, 6, 10, 20% E and, 0, 3, 10, 30 or100% OH alcohol added). Complete flights to the source were observed only to blend combinations containing all three components. Males exhibited highest response levels to two dosages (3 and 10μg) of the natural 6% E blend and these levels were relatively unaffected by changes in the proportion of Z8‐12: OH. Certain treatments surrounding the peak area also elicited high response levels compared to the 6% E treatments, but these were strongly dependent on the proportion of OH in the blend. Hierarchical cluster analysis was utilized to compare and group treatments that elicited similar levels of response over the entire flight sequence and to derive an area of blend‐dosage combinations within the matrix tested that elicited peak levels of attraction. Analysis of the response patterns for suboptimal treatments adjacent to the area of optimal attraction showed that response specificity was controlled by two major effects on flight behaviour, one occurring early in the flight sequence affecting male orientation to the odour plume, and the other occurring later in the sequence as an arrestment of upwind flight. These effects were strongly influenced by changes in the OH component and the E isomer, with the latter playing the critical role in effecting flight behaviour. Temporal analysis of the flight response to treatments within the optimal area showed that whereas the % OH did not significantly affect the magnitude of response, increasing the level of Z8‐12: OH in the blend did significantly increase the duration of each phase of the behavioural sequence. Considering both the magnitude and temporal aspects of male response, optimal attraction in male OFM was best characterized by a small area of treatments around the peak 6% E blends that contained 10% OH. Finally, field tests showed a high degree of correlation between trends in response with changing proportion of Z8‐12: OH as observed in the flight tunnel. Peak dosages were generally higher in the field, however, compared

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00361.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Phratora vitellinaeL. andChrysomela tremulaeF. (Chrysomelinae, Coleoptera) feed onSalixorPopulusspp. (Salicaceae). Their larvae, as well as the larvae of other chrysomelines feeding on Salicaceae, secrete salicylaldehyde. In this study, we demonstrate that salicylaldehyde is derived from salicin, a phenylglucoside present in the leaves of the host plant. The concentration of salicylaldehyde in the secretion is positively correlated with the amount of salicin in the food of the larvae. The transformation of salicin into salicylaldehyde occurs in the defence glands since the β‐glucosidase activity is 4 times higher in their glands than in the gut. The larvae recover most of the glucose that results from the hydrolysis of salicin. For generalist predators, such as ants, salicylaldehyde is a more potent deterrent than saligenin or salic

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The effect of diet on the activity of maleCalliphora vicinaR.D. (Diptera, Calliphoridae) was studied. Protein–fed males (PF) were significantly more active than males fed only on sugar and water (NPF); as a consequence they ingested more sugar. The phenomenon was probably due to PF insects spending more time in flight than NPF, as no significant differences were found between the wingbeat frequencies and flight speeds of tethered flies of the two treatments. Protein ingestion also had a physiological effect, as PF flies had heavier thoraces than NPF flies with increased titres of protei

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY