摘要:

ABSTRACT.Two strongly acidic, ninhydrin‐negative compounds were found in the water soluble fraction of the orb webs ofArgiope trifasciata(Lucas) andArgiope aurantia(Forskål). One of these is a derivative of taurine. Aninhydrin‐positive GABA derivative, gabamide, also exists in the water‐soluble fraction of t

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00216.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The ixodid tick,Rhipicephalus pulchellus(Ixodidae) can be observed aggregated on the tips of grass stems in the field in Kenya. From laboratory experiments, Browning (1976) concluded that these aggregations were the result of ticks having first aggregated on the ground if provided with sufficient cover. During our extension of Browning's experiments using several types of cover, the ticks did not exhibit aggregating behaviour. The influence of the presence of a human observer on the activity of the ticks, however, became apparent.

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00217.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Electroantennogram (EAG) responses of male and female carrot flies,Psila rosaeF. (Diptera: Psilidae), were recorded to thirty‐six volatile plant constituents. The most distinct EAG responses were obtained to: (1) the general green leaf volatiles 1‐hexanol, trans‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol and cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, their isomers cis‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol and trans‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol, the alcohol 1‐heptanol, the ester cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate and the leaf aldehydes hexanal and trans‐2‐hexenal, and (2) from four compounds associated with the umbelliferous host plants of this insect, namely trans‐methyl‐iso‐eugenol, β‐caryophyllene, linalool and trans‐2‐nonenal. Higher responses were elicited by the leaf aldehydes than by the corresponding alcohols. Although the absolute amplitude of the female response was over twice that of the male, there were no differences between the relative responses to the compounds tested in both sexes, with the exception of a much higher response to the leaf aldehydes in the male. The shape of the EAG evoked by the various compounds was consistently different, with the slowest recovery being recorded for trans‐methyl‐iso‐eugenol. While the antennal olfactory receptors of the carrot fly are sensitive to the closely related general green leaf volatiles, they are most specifically tuned to the aldehyde component of this green odour complex. In addition, the ability of this insect to discriminate between different plants may be augmented by the perception of a group of more host specific volatiles. The conformity of the responses of males and females to the compounds tested may indicate that host plant volatil

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00218.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.A Markov model of arthropod locomotor behaviour in choice chambers is presented. In the model, the compartments of the choice chamber and the movements of the animals from one compartment to another are treated as the states and the state transitions of a Markov chain, respectively. The model allows one to calculate the transition probabilities and the equilibrium distribution of animals in a choice chamber from direct measurements of displacement speeds and boundary turning reactions in each compartment. The compartment preferences (i.e. the proportion of time spent in each compartment) in two‐compartment choice chambers were found to be strongly correlated with the predictions of the model. Klinokinesis is suggested to have negligible significance in some of the experiments reviewed. An equation is given to evaluate quantitatively the relative strength of kinetic and tactic components in the overall preference in the choice chamber; this assessment has not previously been possibl

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00219.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The effects of spatially uniform but temporally changing air humidity stimuli on the orientation behaviour of the large pine weevil (Hylobius abietisL.) and the flour beetle (Tenebrio molitorL.) were studied in a specially constructed vertical air flow chamber. Moist‐acclimatized but hygronegative pine weevils were exposed for 10 s to a moist air stream (c.85% R.H.) and then for 10 s to a dry air stream (c.50% R.H.). TheTenebriowere divided into two groups acclimatized to moist and dry air respectively. For each group the humidity during the initial 5 s in the air stream was the same as during acclimatization, and then changed to the alternative level. InHylobiusthe change from moist to dry air caused a decrease in spatial displacement brought about by a decrease in walking speed and an increase in the amount of turning per unit time. InTenebriothe change from dry to moist air caused a decrease of walking speed and a turning‐back reaction based, presumptively, on idiothetic information about the insect's previous walking direction. The average angle turned during 2 s after the humidity change was 165°. In moist‐adapted beetles the dry air stream caused an identical orthokinetic arrestment, but no klinokinetic or klinotactic reaction. Klinokinesis is redefined as a change in the circular variance of turning angles per unit time, which does not change the mean direction (or directions in cases of multimodal distributions) of the circular distribution. Accordingly, klinotaxis consists of a change in the mean directions) of the circular distribution of angular velocities. In both species the turning frequency was more constant than turning per unit distance, suggesting a temporal control in the nervous system of klinokinetic and klinotactic beh

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00220.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The newly‐emerged adult locust stretches its soft new cuticle into its adult shape and size, and at the same time caters for its ventilatory demands, by means of a pattern of behaviour, the ‘expansional motor programme’. This programme begins after emergence and persists until about an hour after wing‐folding, during which time its period changes in a predictable manner. In the post‐expansional period, abdominal dorsoventral movements occur that may serve to deflate the gut and to fill the air‐sacs, and the mandibles are periodicall

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00221.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The success of the imaginal ecdysis of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria, depends on the inflation of the gut with air. The greater part of gut inflation occurs during Stage 3 of the ecdysis (emergence); by the end of this stage the gut is fully inflated. Deflation occurs during Stage 6, after the completion of expansion. The air‐swallowing motor programme is described. During the first part of Stage 3, the frequency of swallowing is regulated according to the degree of foregut distension. In addition, swallowing within the bouts of emergence behaviour is timed by the metathoracic ganglion. During the second part of Stage 3 these control mechanisms are overriden. The contributions of the inflated gut to emergence and expansion are describe

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00222.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The effects of the mandibular gland secretion of larvae ofPlodia interpunctella(Hübner) on the behaviour of conspecific larvae and on its parasitoid,Nemeritis canescens(Gravenhorst) were studied in open chambers and in an olfactometer. The secretion is deposited in the form of droplets on the silk while it is being spun, and as irregular patches on the substratum.Plodialarvae presented with a choice between fresh food and food contaminated with mandibular gland secretion chose fresh food. Those provided with contaminated food only, chose this in preference to starvation. The secretion also caused ‘attraction’ and stimulation of oviposition movements in femaleNemeritis, leading to increased parasitization. The stimulatory effect of the droplets was remarkably persistent and could be detected after storage for at least 5 years at room temperature as well as at 4°C or ‐7°C. Chemical analysis indicated the presence of two components, the major with an Rf value of 0.6 (empirical formula C24H40O4), and the other with an Rf value of 0.8 (empirical formula C

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00223.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Topical application of the juvenile hormone mimic, Altosid, toHippodamia convergens(Guérin‐Méneville) (Coccinellidae) stimulated a significant increase in long‐term flight behaviour in both males and females. Altosid treatment also stimulated ovarian development in females. Topical application of precocene II toH.convergensinhibited flight activity in treated animals of both sexes for about 10 days. Altosid treatment to precocene‐treated beetles significantly increased their migratory behaviour over that of precocene‐treated or acetone‐treated controls. These results indicate that juvenile hormone stimulates migratory flight behaviour in this species along with reproductive development. It is likely that the hormone serves to coordinate migration with reproduction in the

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00224.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Both sexes of the speckled bush cricket,Leptophyes punctatissima(Bosc) (Tettigoniidae) produce sound by stridulation. The sound is used in courtship. The male sings for periods throughout the day and night, and there is a peak of activity in the early afternoon. The female sings only in response to a male chirp. The male increases his rate of singing if he receives replies from a female. After 3 days isolation from male song, the female replies most readily to male song mimics of short duration (10 ms) whose carrier frequency is 30 or 45 kHz. Females that have been isolated from male song for 10 days respond less readily than those isolated for 3 days. The short duration of the songs of both sexes reduces their value as locating signals. This disadvantage may be outweighed by the fact that a short signal reduces the chance of a predator detecting the singer by acoustic or visual cues.

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00225.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1980

数据来源: WILEY