摘要:

ABSTRACT.Rapid relaxation (shortening) of the femoral chordotonal organ inCuniculina impigraRedtenbacher induces a depolarization followed by hyperpolarization of the fast and slow extensor tibiae motor neurons (FETi and SETi). The initial depolarization is caused by acceleration‐sensitive units of the chordotonal organ. The reverse sequence of responses is induced in flexor motor neurons. The common inhibitor neuron (CI) is depolarized by both lengthening (stretch) and relaxation of the chordotonal organ.The initial depolarization of FETi and SETi and the initial hyperpolarization of flexor motor neurons produced by rapid relaxation of the chordotonal organ and the depolarization of CI produced by lengthening of the chordotonal organ all oppose the resistance reflex response. However, these assisting components are weak compared to the resisting one

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00426.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Aggregation pheromones have been demonstrated in the closely related taxa:Drosophila americana americanaSpencer,D. a. texanaPatterson,D. novamexicanaPatterson, andD. lummeiHackman. These pheromones function much as has been reported previously forD. virilisSturtevant. The compounds are produced by sexually mature males, but both sexes respond in a wind‐tunnel olfactometer. In all species exceptD. lummei, a 21‐carbon alkene is an important pheromone component. InD. virilisthe hydrocarbon is (Z)‐10‐heneicosene (Z10–21), but inD. a. americana, D. a. texanaandD. novamexicanait is (Z)‐9‐heneicosene (Z9‐21). All these taxa respond best to the heneicosene which they produce.D. lummeipossesses no heneicosenes but, curiously, responds well to both Z9‐21 and Z10‐21. All species possess five male‐specific esters which were previously discovered inD. virilis: methyl tiglate, ethyl tiglate, isopropyl tiglate, methyl hexanoate and ethyl hexanoate. Ethyl tiglate is the most abundant in each case. Responses to the esters vary among the taxa, ranging from highly significant inD. lummei, particularly to ethyl tiglate, to not demonstrable inD. a. americana.Variability in ester response has also been demonstrated between two strains ofD. virilis.In all cases the crude male‐derived pheromone is synergistic with an extract of fermented willow bark, on which ovipo

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00427.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Two insects, one holometabolous and one hemimetabolous, are compared and contrasted in respect to feeding efficiency, growth and respiration. An examination of cuticle production in these and other species leads to the conclusion that the nutritional burden of cuticle production in hemimetabolous forms has a significant effect on efficiency, and it is speculated that greater nutritional efficiency in holometabolous forms has been an important evolutionary advantage.

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00428.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.A laboratory colony of the wood antFormica aquilonia(Yarrow) was maintained under strictly controlled feeding regimens. The number of foragers at a particular site is related to the previous provisioning of the colony and the familiarity and accessibility of the resource to foragers. Under a standard regimen a predictable number of ants forage to a known site and display a typical pattern of daily activity. This pattern is examined under stable and changing circumstances. Following food‐deprivation individuals increase their foray‐frequency and carry larger volumes of sugar solution per foray. On days of critical food‐deficit supernumerary workers are recruited. How foragers are directed to a novel food source in unfamiliar territory is examined. Following‐behaviour is not involved, neither it appears are phe

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00429.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Using anin vitroradiochemical assay, juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis by corpora allata was screened during the first 2 weeks of adult maturation in both male and female migratory locusts,Locusta migratoria migratorioides(R.&F.). The patterns of change of glandular activities in the sexes were different, but the overall rates of JH production were similar. Testisectomy did not appear to affect corpus allatum activity, male sexual behaviour, or yellow coloration. Removal of the testes together with the seminal vesicle and the accessory glands resulted in a disturbance of the pattern of JH biosynthesis, but had no effect on sexual behaviour or coloration. These observations are discussed in relation to available evidence on JH‐mediated sexual events in the adul

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00430.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Variations in the diel response of male northern and western corn rootworms attracted to a synthetic pheromone source were examined in southwestern Ontario. Activity was measured by the number of males caught at hourly intervals in sticky traps baited with 8R‐methyl‐2R‐decyl propanoate. Northern corn rootworm males were attracted to the pheromone between 22.30 and 0330 hours and were unresponsive at all other times at temperatures above 15°C. Western corn rootworm males had a bimodal response with peaks in attraction from 08.30 to 12.30 hours and again from 15.30 to 18.30 hours. While the period of peak attraction for northern corn rootworm males was well defined, the pattern for western corn rootworm males was erratic and many beetles were caught throughout the day. Evening temperatures below 15°C suppressed the activity of both northern and western corn rootworms. While the nightly period of activity for the northern corn rootworms was shifted by low temperatures to the following morning, that of the western corn rootworm was not altered substantially. As a result, peaks in the response of northern and western corn rootworm males occurred simultaneously under these conditions, suggesting strongly that temporal separation of activity periods was not an important factor in maintaining sexual isolation for these species in

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Glossina morsitans morsitansWestw. andG. pallidipesAust. flying around and landing on coloured screens and traps were sampled using electrocuting nets. External colour affected both attractiveness and efficiency of traps, such that yellow and green traps were unattractive and inefficient; black and red, attractive and inefficient; white, moderately attractive, and very efficient; and blue traps, attractive and efficient. The order of attractiveness of coloured screens was similar to that for traps. Landing responses were generally strongest on black surfaces, and weakest on white, but the results for blue were variable. Carbon dioxide and acetone odours improved trap catches and also eliminated most catch differences between traps differently coloured on their outer surfaces. The relative performances of traps coloured differently on inside surfaces only were not affected significantly by these odours, and in all cases black or red target areas inside the trap were required for optimum trap performance. When acetone and 1‐octen‐3‐ol odours were used, catches were improved but the relative performance of differently coloured traps and screens was not changed. There were no obvious species differences in colour responses although numbers ofG. morsitanswere too low for statistical compar

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Newly‐emergedSpodoptera exempta(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths contain high levels of lipid held largely in the abdominal fat body, the quantity depending on the larval feeding conditions. There is a positive relationship between weight‐related lipid content and moth weight, which is consistent for female but not for male moths, suggesting that larval feeding conditions producing large individuals allow the accumulation of quantitatively disproportionate lipid reserves. Male and female moths have comparable levels of abdominal protein.Changes in the water content in starved moths or ones provided with distilled water or sucrose solution show that while starved individuals die rapidly from desiccation, water‐fed moths regulate their water contents between narrow limits which are higher for females than for males. Sucrose‐fed moths maintain higher, more variable water contents probably due to the phagostimulatory effect of the sugar.Reproducing and unmated moths are able to supplement their lipid and, to a lesser extent, their protein reserves following carbohydrate uptake.During both larval and early adult stages, the capacity to accumulate lipid reserves in excess of those apparently required for reproduction, suggests that these reserves also provide the main fuel for the prolonged flights of which migratory individuals are known to be

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.The fine structure and function of a honey bee's (Apis melliferaLinn.) proventriculus were studied by scanning electron microscopy and video‐recording. Our observations revealed that the proventriculus is used to engulf pollen and other particles which contaminate the nectar carried into the crop. The four lips are closed and opened, pulled backwards and straightened by the external circular muscles and internal longitudinal muscles. Combs of filiform‐hairs (70 μm in length) located on the margins of the lips ‘catch’ and filter particles from the fluid. By repeated filtering, opening and closing actions of the hairs and lips, particles are filtered and collected in pouches between the ventricular folds to form boluses and are eventually passed into the midgut. In the present experiment, particle sizes ranging from 0.5 to 100 μm in diameter, including dandelion pollen (Taraxacum officinaleWeb.), Torula yeast (Candida utilisLodder et Kreger‐Van Rij), bee disease spores ofNosema apisZander andBacillus larvaeWhite, and man‐made particles can be filtered by the hairs. Small particles (0.23 μm in diameter) filter through the hair and return back to the fluid. Large particles (100–200 μm in diameter) are caught between the stylets of the mouthparts and are not ingested. These observations suggest that the particle size plays an important role in determining what can be taken by the mouthparts and the proventriculus and what can later be utilized as a food source by the bee. The role of the proventriculus in disease transmission

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACT.Fourth‐ and third‐instar permanent adultiforms ofLocusta migratoria migratorioides(R.&F.) were produced by applying 7‐ethoxy‐precocene II (precocene III) to hoppers in earlier stages. The mating behaviour of male adultiforms and the effects of injected exogenous juvenile hormone III (JH) on this behaviour were investigated quantitatively and the results were compared to those obtained for normal adult males and for adult males chemically allatectomized by precocene III. Fourth‐ and third‐instar adultiform males exhibited sexual behaviour and injections of JH intensified this behaviour in a dose‐dependent manner, though the number of repeated injections in which a cumulative dose is administered was found to be not less important than the amount of the cumulative dose itself. Huge repeated doses (6×144=864 μg) of JH temporarily induced normal intensity of mating behaviour in fourth‐instar male adultiforms. The same doses of JH intensified mating behaviour also in third‐instar adultiform males, but less markedly so than in fourth‐instar ones. For restoring temporarily normal intensity of mating behaviour in chemically allatectomized but morphogenetically normal adult males, much smaller doses (2×36=72, or 2×72=144μg) of JH were sufficient. In contrast, even huge doses of JH were unable to induce mating behaviour in normal (no precocene‐treated) male hoppers. Thus, the ethological ontogenesis (=‘ethogenesis’) of the male's mating behaviour, including the response of the system to JH, is clearly accelerated by precocious metamorphosis. However, this is not a simple ‘all or none’ effect, because adultiforms in earlier stadia exhibit less intense male mating behaviour and more limited response to JH than adu

ISSN:0307-6962    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1986.tb00435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY