摘要:

AbstractWith the renewed awareness of blood lactate as an indicator of circulatory impairment, there has been much interest in the use of lactate measurements to determine the overall state of oxygenation of patients in critical care. This review begins by covering the areas of lactate homeostasis and biochemistry, both of which are essential for fully understanding the interpretation of lactate measurements. Then, the clinical interpretation of lactate measurements includes sections on the causes and treatments of hemodynamic deficits leading to lactic acidosis, the classification of lactate abnormalities, and the use of lactate measurements in critical care monitoring, including surgery. Both the principles and the latest developments in lactate methodology are covered, including the new whole blood analyzers. This review concludes with reference intervals and guidelines to the interpretation of results.

ISSN:1040-8363    

DOI:10.3109/10408369109106865

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractThere are two types of imaging instruments, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) that use radiopharmaceuticals for the diagnosis of brain disorders. Brain perfusion imaging agents, labeled either with123I or99mTc, are useful in detecting various cerebral vascular abnormalities, such as stroke and transient ischemia with SPECT. The management of other neurological disorders (i.e., in Alzheimer's, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and head trauma patients) may also be benefitted by these agents. The exact trapping mechanisms and their relationships with potential clinical applications still remain to be elucidated. Imaging studies using18F fluorodeoxyglucose with PET is currently the most promising diagnostic tool for the evaluation of local glucose metabolism related to various disease states, such as Alzheimer's disease, brain tumor, and epilepsy. In the past few years significant progress has been made in the design and characterization of new CNS neuronal and postsynaptic receptor imaging agents for PET and SPECT. The new diagnostic agents are aimed at measurements of localization and changes of neuronal function. It is likely that these types of agents have potential for clinical application, especially in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders that do not involve morphological changes.

ISSN:1040-8363    

DOI:10.3109/10408369109106866

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

AbstractOsteocalcin is a small (Mr5800), very interesting bone specific protein, synthesized by osteoblasts and measured in plasma as a biochemical indicator of bone formation. Many immunoassays for osteocalcin have been developed, including radio- and enzymoimmunoassays, with the use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. These are used in many different clinical settings, including bone, kidney, and liver diseases. However, there is a wide range of published values for plasma osteocalcin concentrations in control and patient samples and this has hindered a more widespread adoption of osteocalcin measurement by clinicians.This review discusses how various immunoassays for osteocalcin may contribute to the wide variation of published values and suggests approaches for the development of standardized assays. For example, epitope specificity and immunoreactivity with multiple forms of osteocalcin and osteocalcin peptides in plasma are discussed. It also includes a recent update on interesting clinical applications of osteocalcin.

ISSN:1040-8363    

DOI:10.3109/10408369109106867

出版商:Taylor&Francis    

年代:1991

数据来源: Taylor