摘要:

The nematodes parasitic in frogs in southern Western Australia are closely related to those found in South Australian hosts, with two cosmocercoid species common to both regions and at least two of the three Western Australian species ofParathelandrosforming pairs with species in South Australia.The host distribution of the Western Australian speciesof Parathelandrossuggests a host specificity, at generic level, with one species restricted to the genusHyla,one largely restricted to the genusHelioporusand one, more widespread, in the generaNeobatrachus, HelioporusandLimnodynastes.Studies of the hosts have demonstrated that the four species ofHelioporusin whichP. carinaeis known to occur do not represent a local radiation but are the result of at least three host invasions from the eastern side of the Nullarbor Plain. Because of this it is argued that the speciation of the parasites was independent of that of the hosts, was allopatric and probably involved intra‐host competition.The importance of using the divisions of their environment recognized by the parasites, rather than those recognized by their hosts, in studies of host: parasite relationships is stressed. As a consequence it is argued that although the theoretical basis of using parasites as indicators of host relationships is weakened their practical value remains unimpaired. Attention is drawn to the danger of circularity in the use of parasites in establishing host relationship

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04362.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The behaviour ofBadis badisis similar, in general, both to that of “nandid” fishes and that of anabantoid fishes; trenchant differences also exist. It is impossible at this time, on behavioural evidence alone, to assess the relative importance of the behavioural findings. However, the remarkable and consistent agreement in the performance of the spawning embrace suggests a close relationship ofBadisto anabantoid fishes rather than to the “nandids”.The osteological studies confirm this hypothesis.Badisapparently split off from the ancestral anabantoids before they acquired the air‐breathing adaptation. The osteological differences betweenBadisand the anabantoids stem chiefly from the modifications accompanying aerial respiration.The egg ofBadis badisisenclosed in an unusually tough sheath that is extremely adhesive. The egg itself lacks any special device for attaching. The larva has an adhesive organ at the tip of the yolk sac. The egg and the larva ofBadis badisare thus unique among teleosts insofar as is known.From these three lines of information we erect a new percoid family, Badidae, based onBadisBleeker. This family appears to have descended from the proto‐anaba

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04363.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Gudger (1930) ends an article on this deformity by stating that double‐mouth deformity in fishes is always due to injury so far as our present knowledge goes. The feature common to all cases is displacement of the lower end of the hyoid arch downwards and backwards through a gap in the mouth floor. This occurs because the protractor muscles of the arch have been put out of action, usually by severe accidental injury. The retractor muscles, thus left unopposed, pull the lower end of the arch into the deformed position. It is difficult to imagine how accidental wound could produce the condition seen in the Shetland trout. Here is only a cleft like a clean cut in the midline of the mouth floor ending at the displaced arch. There is neither irregular scarring nor obvious tissue loss, the head retaining its bilateral symmetry. In it the protractors of the arch must also have been destroyed, but probably by some other kind of damage than wound from without. With this possibility in mind I wrote to the managers of several trout‐farms, enclosing a sketch of the deformity. Each was asked if he had come across anything like it when grading his stock. One letter in the affirmative suggested that air trapped in the floor of the mouth might be the cause. Later the writer sent me two young trout, radiographs of which confirmed this statement and led me to think that obstruction of the pneumatic duct might account for the trapped air. The consequences of extirpation of the swimbladder in physostomes explains how the trapped air is permanently at increased pressure, and supports this hypothe

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04364.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new reconstruction of the tarsus ofStenaulorhynchus stockleyidiffers from that previously offered by von Huene (1938) and Schaeffer (1941), and leads to a revaluation of the tarsi of other rhynchosaurs and rhynchocephalians. The tarsi of the rhynchosaursStenaulorhynchus, Scaphonyx, Cephalonia, Rhynchosaurus, Hyperodapedon, HowesiaandMesosuchusappear to comprise a proximal row of three bones (tibiale, intermedium, and fibulare) and a distal row of three bones associated with metatarsals–4. The metatarsals increase in length but decrease in thickness from the first to fourth, and the fifth is “hooked”. The first metatarsal ofStenaulorhynchus, Scaphonyx, andRhynchosaurusis unusually short. Among the remaining rhynchocephalians, the tarsi of claraziids and pleurosaurids are simplified in accord with aquatic habits involving the use of the limbs as paddles, and those of sphenodontids andSapheosaurusare alike in the following respects. An astragalus (intermedium+tibiale+ centrale) and calcaneum (fibulare), or a single conjoined bone, occupy the proximal row of the tarsus and the distal row comprises four (first to fourth), three (second to fourth), or but two (third and fourth) bones; the fourth is the largest. The metatarsals increase in length from first to fourth but do not decrease in thickness. In both rhynchosaurian and spheno‐dontid types tarsal movement is largely mesotarsal, a condition derived from their eosuchian ancestors and not independently developed as Schaeffer (1941) has thought. The specialization of the sphenodontid tarsus parallels that seen in lizards which have the same eosuchian a

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04365.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A two year study was carried out onHeteronotia binoei(Gray) in the Pilliga Scrub by means of visits of six days' duration in each month of the year. Animals were individually marked by toe‐clipping and a mark‐recapture programme was carried out throughout the study.In the Pilliga ScrubHeteronotialives below bark or boards on the ground or below the bark at the base of dead trees or stumps.The mark‐recapture programme provided extensive data on the population, its movements, growth, tail loss and regeneration. Samples were collected for analysis of intestinal contents. The above data together with observations of behaviour provided a well corroborated picture of the biology of this small gekkonid l

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04366.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Body‐temperatures in two species of insectivorous marsupial mice (family Dasyuridae) were measured using a rectal thermistor. InSminthopsis crassicaudataat 21°C, body‐temperatures ranged from–5–31‐1°C(432 measurements on 12 mice). A diurnal temperature cycle with a mean amplitude of 0.79°C was revealed, with temperatures at a maximum at 02.00 hours and a minimum at 10.00 hours. Mean body‐temperatures of sibs showed significant differences; in one litter a difference of 2.7°C was demonstrated. InS. larapinta, the diurnal temperature cycle was greater with a mean amplitude of 4.24°C. Body‐temperatures ranged from 38.8–22.9°C.Changes in surface‐temperature(Ts)in unrestrained animals during entry into and arousal from torpor, were measured using thermocouples fitted inside the nest‐box and a recording potentiometer.S. larapintahad a daily torpor with or without food at room temperature, while inS. crassicaudatatorpor could only be induced by lack of food. The lowest Tsreached were 18° and 17°C respectively. It is suggested that the torpor‐mechanism may have evolved in these species to meet temporary

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04367.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04368.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04369.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04370.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0952-8369    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1968.tb04371.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1968

数据来源: WILEY